DDS Recit/Lec exam

Liquid Dosage Forms

are one of the oldest dosage forms used in the treatment of patients and affords highest absorption of medicinal products

Pharmaceutical Solution

homogenous one phase system

Saturated Solution

A solution with solute that dissolves until it is unable to dissolve anymore, leaving the undissolved substances at the bottom

Unsaturated Solution

A solution with less solute than the saturated solution that completely dissolves, leaving no remaining substances

Supersaturated Solution

A solution with more solute than the saturated solution that contains more undissolved solute than the saturated solution because of its tendency to crystallize and precipitate

Solubility

Refers to the quantity of a drug that is maintained in solubility in a given solvent at a given temperature and pressure

Miscible

When two components forming a solution are either both gases, solids, or liquids

Immiscible

Two liquids do not mix

Very Soluble

<1

Freely Soluble

1-10

Soluble

10-30

Sparingly Soluble

30-100

Slightly Soluble

100-1000

Very Slightly Soluble

1,000-10,000

Insoluble

>10,000

Temperature

Most chemicals absorb heat when they are dissolved and are said to have a positive heat of solution, resulting in increased solubility with an increase in temperature

Nature of the solute and the solvent

substances with similar intermolecular attractive forces tend to be soluble in one another

Particle Size

An increase in surface area to the solvent will increase rate of solution

Molecular size

The larger the molecules of the solute are, the larger is their molecular weight and size. More difficult for solvent molecules to surround bigger molecules

Pressure

An increase in pressure increases the solubility of a gas in a liquid

pH

Their aqueous solubility depends upon the pH of the solvent

Solutions

Liquid preparations that contain one or more chemical substances dissolved in a suitable solvent or mixture of mutually miscible solvents

Water

Most commonly used solvent/vehicle

Purified Water, USP

Obtained by distillation, ion-exchange, reverse osmosis, or other suitable process

Sterile Purified Water, USP

Is a purified water sterilized and suitable packaged

Water for Injection, USP

Purified water that is free of pyrogens

Sterile Water for Injection, USP

WFI that is sterilized and packaged in single-dose containers <1 liters

Bacteriostatic Water for Injection, USP

SWFI that contains one or more suitable antimicrobial agents

Sterile Water for Inhalation, USP

water purified by distillation or reverse osmosis and rendered sterile for inhalation use

Sterile Water for Irrigation, USP

WFI that is sterilized and suitably packaged, for surgical irrigation

Aromatic Waters

Clear, aqueous solutions saturated with volatile oils or other aromatic or volatile substances

Aqueous Acids

Usually prepared by diluting the corresponding concentrated acids with purified water

Douches

medicated solution meant for rinsing a body cavity, such as eyes, ear, or nasal cavities for cleaning or removing the foreign particles or discharges from them

Enemas

Are preparations of aqueous or oily solution of medicaments for cleansing, diagnostic or therapeutic reasons

Gargles

are aqueous solutions used to prevent or treat throat infections, They are used to relieve soreness in mild throat infections

Mouthwashes

Are aqueous solutions with a pleasant taste and odor used to clean and deodorize the buccal cavity

Juices

are the liquid preparation containing medicament meant for oral cavity

Otic preparations

are applied to or in the ear to treat conditions of the external and middle ear

Ear drops

are simple solutions of drugs in either water, glycerol, propylene glycol, or alcohol/water mixtures for local use and include antibiotics, antiseptics, cleansing solutions and wax softeners,

Nasal preparations

are liquid, semi-solid, or solid preparations intended for administration to the nasal cavities to obtain a systemic or local effect

Nasal Drops

should also be made isotonic with nasal secretions using sodium chloride and viscosity can also be modified using cellulose derivatives if necessary

Nasal Spray

are administered ot the mucous membrane of nose or throat with an atomizer

Elixirs

are clear, sweetened hydroalcoholic solutions intended for oral use and are usually flavored to enhance their palatability

Nonmedicated elixirs

Elixirs used as vehicles

Medicated elixirs

Elixirs with therapeutic effect

Aromatic Elixir

Elixirs with 22% alcohol

Collodions

Are liquid preparations composed of pyroxylin dissolved in a solvent mixture usually composed of alcohol and ether with or without added medicinal substances

Pyroxylin

obtained by the action of a mixture of nitric and sulfuric acids on cotton, consists chiefly of cellulose tetranitrate

Flexible collodion

prepared by adding 3% castor oil and 2% camphor to collodion

Salicylic acid collodion

Is a 10% solution of salicylic acid in flexible collodion

Alcohol

has been well recognized as a solvent and excipient in the formulation of oral pharmaceutical products

LINIMENTS

aka embrocation, are alcoholic or oleaginous solutions or emulsions of various medicinal substances intended to be rubbed on the skin

ALCOHOLIC LINIMENTS

Are alcoholic or hydroalcoholic vehicle intended generally for their rubefacient, counterirritant, mildly astringent and penetrating effects. They penetrate the skin readily than the oil base

Local anti-infective solutions

It kills the microorganisms when applied to the skin or mucus membranes

Hydrogen peroxide

used topically on the skin and mucous membranes. Its germicidal activity is based on the release of nascent oxygen on contact with the tissues

Povidone-iodine

The preparation is employed topically as a surgical scrub, nonirritating antiseptic solution, with its effectiveness directly release of iodine

Thimerosal

water-soluble organic mercurial antibacterial agent used topically for its bacteriostatic and mild fungistatic properties

Astringent

Constrict pores and precipitate proteins. In cosmetics, astringents are used to firm and tone the skin, constricting the pores and creating a protective layer of firm tissue between the under layers of skin and the elements

Glycerites

are preparations that uses glycerin to extract the constituents from an herb

Oleo Vitamins

These are fish-liver oils diluted with edible vegetable oil or solutions of the indicated vitamins or vitamin concentrates in fish liver oil

Syrup

Concentrated aqueous preparations of a sugar or sugar substitute with or without added flavoring agents and medicinal substances

Cherry syrup

for drugs that require an acid medium

Cocoa syrup

for bitter-tasting drugs

Ora-sweet, Ora-sweet SF

extemporaneous compounding of syrups

Raspberry syrup

for salty or sour tasting drug

HONEY

Thick liquid preparations, used as a base (invert sugar). Intended to change the flavor, or mouth feel of a liquid, and to improve the flavor of a chewable solid.

mucilage

is a thick, viscid, adhesive liquids, produced by dispersing gum in water or by extracting the mucilaginous principles from vegetable substances with water.

Jellies

are transparent or translucent, non-greasy, semi-solid preparations mainly used for external application to the skin. These are also used for lubricating catheters, surgical gloves and rectal thermometers

Extractives

These are preparations obtained from plants and animals with the aid of a solvent. Separation of medicinally active portions from inactive components

Tinctures

An alcoholic or hydro-alcoholic solution prepared from animal and vegetable sources or from chemical substances

Simple solution

iodine tincture with 2% iodine in 50 % alcohol

Iodine Tincture

2% iodine solution in 50% alcohol

Lugol’s solution

5% iodine in water with K iodide

Iodine solution

2% iodine in water with Na iodide

Fluidextracts

Are liquid preparations of vegetable drugs prepared by percolation

Type Process A

In this class are included those fluidextracts that are made with a menstruum of alcohol, usually done by a method of percolation that can be modified for fluidextracts that must be assayed

Type Process B

In this class are included those fluidextracts in which glycerin or an acid is used in the extraction and two menstrua are successively employed

Type Process C

The process of fractional or divided percolation. Recommended for drugs containing volatile ingredients or constituents injured by exposure to heat.

Type Process D

It is used for preparing fluidextracts with boiling water as the menstruum, alcohol being added as preservative to the concentrated percolate

Suppositories

solid bodies of various weights and shapes adapted for introduction into the rectal, vaginal, or urethral of the human body

Supponere

administration under the body

Local action

Are most frequently used to relieve constipation or pain, irritation, itching, and inflammation associated with hemmorrhoids

Systemic action

Used to antiasthma, antirheumatic, and analgesic drug

Rectal Suppositories

has 32mm in length, cylindrical, one or both ends tapered and some are bullet shaped

Cocoa butter

Adult rectal suppositories weigh about 2 grams when this is used as a base

Urethral suppositories

are slender, pencil-shaped suppositories intended for insertion into the male or female urethra

Male urethral suppositoiries

may be 3 to 6mm in diameter and approximately 140mm long, cocoa butter is employed as the base and weigh about 4g

Female urethral suppositories

are about half the length and weight of the male urethral suppository, being about 70mm long and weighing about 2g when made of cocoa butter

Vaginal suppositories

the most common of all the vaginal preparations, usually globular, oviform, or cone-shaped and weigh about 5g when cocoa butter is the base

pessaries

other term for vaginal suppositories

Bougies

other term for urethral suppositories

Theobroma cacao

Where cocoa butter is obtained from

Oleaginous bases

is a triglyceride primarily of oleopalmitostearin and oleodistearine

Unstable gamma

18^oc melting point

alpha

22^oc melting point

Beta prime

28^oc melting point

Beta stable

34^oc melting point

Wecobee base

triglycerides derived from coconut oil

Witepsol

Triglycerides of saturated fatty acids

Lauric acid

Major component of witepsol