Learn: Philippine History and Culture: Colonial Evangelizers, Rebellions, and Art

Order of St. Augustine (OSA)

1565 - Augustinians

Order of Friars Minor (OFM)

1578 - Franciscans

Society of Jesus (SJ)

1581 - Jesuits (technically and canonically, they are not friars)

Order of Preachers (OP)

1587 - Dominicans

Order of Augustinian Recollects (OAR)

Recollectos

Grave goods

Objects placed with a dead person, sometimes connected with status or beliefs about an afterlife.

Bayanihan

Cooperation and mutual assistance in accomplishing a task that benefits others or the community.

Pabaon

Food, money, or supplies given to someone for a journey or an activity away from home.

Pagmamano

A gesture in which a younger person takes an elder's hand and brings it toward the forehead as an expression of respect and a request for a blessing.

Raiders of the Sulu Sea

A historiography documentary film depicting the Southeast Asia flourishing free trading in the area.

Fort Pilar

Depicting how the Spaniards defended the city.

Lanong, Garay, and Salisipan

Sophisticated ancient maritime vessels used for slave raiding.

Barong, Kris, and Kampilan

Tools of war used by raiders.

Panglima Taupan

Captured Balangingi Leader made to work in the Tobacco Plantation.

Katipunan / KKK

Kataastaasang Kagalang-galangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan, a revolutionary society seeking independence from Spain through armed struggle.

Obreros

Members of the working class who generally earned a living through manual labor.

Propagandists

Filipinos who advocated political and social reforms during Spanish rule.

Mestizos

People of mixed ancestry, commonly referring to those of mixed Spanish-Filipino or Chinese-Filipino ancestry during the Spanish colonial period.

Illustrados

The educated or enlightened class, generally educated Filipinos from affluent or middle-class families.

Emilio Jacinto

Wrote the Kartilya and the Katipunan oath, edited Kalayaan, and advised Andres Bonifacio.

Andres Bonifacio

Leader of the Filipino 'Katipuneros' who signaled the start of the open rebellion with the 'Cry of Balintawak.'

Kartilya

A small pamphlet teaching the society's principles and members' duties, title comes from the Spanish cartilla, meaning a primer.

Love of country and mutual support

Members should unite and care for one another.

Equality

Wealth, education, rank, and physical appearance do not determine human worth.

Action and integrity

Good conduct, honesty, dignity, and keeping one's word matter more than impressive speech or status.

Respect for women

Women should be treated as partners in life, not objects of amusement.

Responsible leadership

A leader's conduct affects those who follow.

Opposition to oppression

A worthy person neither oppresses others nor supports oppressors.

Freedom and unity

The struggle and sacrifices gain meaning through liberty and the well-being of the people.

Relevance of Kartilya

Connects national liberation with ethical behavior.

La Solidaridad

A Spanish-language newspaper that served as the principal publication of the Propaganda Movement.

Graciano López Jaena

Best-known for his work, Fray Botod, a satire portraying an abusive friar.

Marcelo H. del Pilar

Helped establish Diariong Tagalog and became the second editor of La Solidaridad.

The Silang Revolt

An uprising against Spanish colonial rule in Ilocos.

Diego Silang

Led the revolt in Ilocos and sought greater autonomy for the Ilocos region.

Gabriela Silang

Continued the resistance against Spanish rule.

GOMBURZA

Refers to three Filipino Catholic priests whose execution became significant in Filipino nationalism.

Garrote

An execution device using an iron collar tightened around the neck.

Juan Luna's Spoliarium

Best-known painting which won a gold medal at the 1884 National Exhibition of Fine Arts in Madrid.

The Battle of Lepanto

Depicts the 1571 naval battle between the Holy League and the Ottoman fleet.

The Parisian Life

Reflects the environment and networks of Filipino illustrados in Europe.

The Blood Compact

Depicts the agreement between Datu Sikatuna and Miguel López de Legazpi.

Fernando Amorsolo's Planting Rice

Depicts farmers working in rice fields.

Fernando Amorsolo's Fiesta

A community celebration showing joy, shared traditions, belonging, and cultural identity.

The Making of the Philippine Flag

Portrays three women hand-stitching the first national flag of the Philippines.

The Rape of Manila

Continued to be an artist despite hardships during the Japanese Occupation.

Rizal Avenue in Ruins

Shows how war can destroy a developed city and the livelihoods built around it.