Final GPT CCMA

How do physical therapy and occupational therapy differ?

Physical therapy improves movement, strength, and mobility; occupational therapy improves daily-living and work skills through activities and adaptations.

What is inpatient care?

Care provided to a patient formally admitted to a hospital or other inpatient facility.

What do obstetrics and orthopedics focus on?

Obstetrics: pregnancy and childbirth. Orthopedics: the musculoskeletal system.

What is an accountable care organization (ACO)?

A group of providers coordinating care and sharing accountability for quality and cost for a defined patient population.

How does palliative care differ from hospice?

Palliative care relieves symptoms at any serious-illness stage and can accompany disease-directed treatment; hospice focuses on comfort near the end of life.

What is value-based payment?

Payment linked partly to quality, outcomes, or cost performance rather than only service volume.

What is capitation?

A set payment per enrolled patient for a defined period and set of services.

What does eu- mean?

Normal or good.

What does peri- mean?

Around.

What do endo- and epi- mean?

Endo- means within; epi- means on or above.

What does olig/o mean?

Few or scanty.

What does hemi- mean?

Half.

What does -algia mean?

Pain.

How do -otomy and -ostomy differ?

-otomy means incision into; -ostomy means surgical creation of an opening.

What does -scopy mean?

Visual examination using an instrument.

How do -gram and -graphy differ?

-gram is a record or image; -graphy is the process of recording or imaging.

What do -malacia, -sclerosis, and -stenosis mean?

Softening, hardening, and narrowing, respectively.

What does -emia mean?

A blood condition.

What does -pnea mean?

Breathing.

How do -rrhea and -rrhage differ?

-rrhea means flow or discharge; -rrhage means excessive flow or bleeding.

How do -plegia and -paresis differ?

-plegia means paralysis; -paresis means weakness or partial paralysis.

What do angi/o, arteri/o, and phleb/o mean?

Angi/o: vessel. Arteri/o: artery. Phleb/o: vein.

What do hemat/o and thromb/o mean?

Hemat/o: blood. Thromb/o: clot.

What does enter/o mean?

Intestine, usually the small intestine.

What does cholecyst/o mean?

Gallbladder.

What does cyst/o mean in urinary terminology?

Urinary bladder.

How do the ureter and urethra differ, and what are their word roots?

Ureter (ureter/o): kidney to bladder. Urethra (urethr/o): bladder to outside the body.

What does myel/o mean?

Spinal cord or bone marrow, depending on the term.

What does ot/o mean?

Ear.

What do hyster/o and orch/o mean?

Hyster/o: uterus. Orch/o: testis.

What does aden/o mean?

Gland.

What do leuk/o, erythr/o, and cyan/o mean?

White, red, and blue, respectively.

What do melan/o, lip/o, and py/o mean?

Dark pigment, fat, and pus, respectively.

What does diaphoresis mean?

Sweating, often excessive.

What does emesis mean?

Vomiting.

What does pruritus mean?

Itching.

What does edema mean?

Swelling caused by excess fluid in tissues.

What does erythema mean?

Redness of the skin.

What does ecchymosis mean?

A bruise, caused by bleeding under the skin.

What does epistaxis mean?

A nosebleed.

How do hemoptysis and hematemesis differ?

Hemoptysis is coughing up blood; hematemesis is vomiting blood.

How do melena and hematochezia differ?

Melena is black, tarry stool from digested blood; hematochezia is visible red or maroon blood passed rectally.

What does dysuria mean?

Pain or burning with urination.

What does paresthesia mean?

An abnormal sensation such as tingling or pins and needles.

What does pallor mean?

Unusual paleness.

What does cyanosis mean?

Bluish discoloration associated with increased deoxygenated hemoglobin; it may be difficult to see in some skin tones.

What does jaundice mean?

Yellowing of skin or sclera from bilirubin accumulation.

What does MRN mean?

Medical record number.

What does SpO2 mean?

Peripheral oxygen saturation estimated by pulse oximetry.

What does CMP mean?

Comprehensive metabolic panel.

What does C&S mean?

Culture and sensitivity/susceptibility testing.

What do PT and INR stand for, and which medication do they commonly monitor?

PT: prothrombin time. INR: international normalized ratio. PT/INR commonly monitors warfarin.

What does aPTT stand for, and what does it assess?

Activated partial thromboplastin time; assesses coagulation and can monitor unfractionated heparin.

What does A1c measure?

The proportion of glycated hemoglobin, reflecting average glucose over roughly 2 to 3 months.

What does ROM mean?

Range of motion.

What is flexion?

Bending that usually decreases the angle at a joint.

How do abduction and adduction differ?

Abduction moves away from the midline; adduction moves toward it.

How do forearm supination and pronation differ?

Supination turns the palm forward in anatomical position or upward with the elbow bent; pronation turns it backward or downward.

How do dorsiflexion and plantar flexion differ?

Dorsiflexion lifts the foot toward the shin; plantar flexion points the toes downward.

How do an indication and a contraindication differ?

An indication is a reason to use a treatment; a contraindication is a reason to avoid it because of risk.

What is a drug interaction?

A change in a drug's effect caused by another drug, food, supplement, or substance.

How do additive, synergistic, and antagonistic drug effects differ?

Additive: effects sum. Synergistic: combined effect exceeds the sum. Antagonistic: one drug reduces or blocks another.

What is pharmacodynamics?

What a drug does to the body, including its effects and mechanisms.

Why do impaired kidney or liver function increase medication risk?

The kidneys are a major route of excretion and the liver a major site of metabolism; impairment can cause drug accumulation and toxicity.

What is the first-pass effect?

Metabolism in the intestine and liver before an absorbed drug reaches systemic circulation.

What is a drug half-life?

The time required for the amount or concentration of a drug to decrease by approximately half.

What is a drug's therapeutic range?

The concentration range associated with benefit and an acceptable risk of toxicity.

What is polypharmacy?

Use of multiple medications, which can increase interactions, duplication, and adherence problems.

How does a solution differ from a suspension?

A solution contains dissolved drug; a suspension contains dispersed particles and often requires shaking.

What is an elixir?

A sweetened liquid medication that commonly contains alcohol and water.

What does enteric-coated mean?

The coating delays release until the medication passes through the stomach.

What is the purpose of Tall Man lettering in drug names?

To emphasize differing letters in look-alike names and reduce mix-ups.

How do analgesics and antipyretics differ?

Analgesics relieve pain; antipyretics reduce fever. Some medications do both.

What important toxicity is associated with excessive acetaminophen?

Liver injury; check for acetaminophen in combination products.

What are common NSAIDs and their major risks?

Ibuprofen and naproxen; important risks include gastrointestinal bleeding, kidney injury, and cardiovascular complications.

What is aspirin's antiplatelet effect?

It reduces platelet aggregation and increases bleeding risk.

Why is aspirin generally avoided in children with viral illness?

It is associated with Reye syndrome; use only if specifically prescribed for an appropriate indication.

What is naloxone used for?

Reversal of opioid effects, especially respiratory depression; emergency activation and breathing support or CPR remain necessary.

Which antibiotic classes contain amoxicillin, azithromycin, and cephalexin?

Amoxicillin: penicillin. Azithromycin: macrolide. Cephalexin: cephalosporin.

What is albuterol commonly used for?

Rapid relief of bronchospasm; common effects include tremor and a faster heart rate.

What is the role of an inhaled corticosteroid, and what follows a dose?

Controls airway inflammation over time; generally not immediate rescue treatment. Rinse the mouth and spit to reduce oral thrush.

What are anticholinergic effects?

Dry mouth, constipation, blurred vision, urinary retention, and possible confusion.

What is a diuretic?

A drug that increases urinary salt and water excretion.

How do furosemide and spironolactone differ in potassium effects?

Furosemide, a loop diuretic, can lower potassium; spironolactone, a potassium-sparing diuretic, can raise it.

What class is lisinopril, and what adverse effects are important?

An ACE inhibitor used for hypertension or heart failure; dry cough, hyperkalemia, and potentially serious angioedema.

What class includes losartan?

Angiotensin II receptor blockers, or ARBs.

What class includes metoprolol?

Beta blockers, which can lower heart rate and blood pressure.

What class includes amlodipine?

Calcium channel blockers.

What class includes atorvastatin?

Statins, which reduce cholesterol production and cardiovascular risk in indicated patients.

What does an anticoagulant do?

Reduces blood clot formation; it increases bleeding risk.

How does clopidogrel differ from warfarin?

Clopidogrel inhibits platelet function; warfarin interferes with synthesis of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors.

What does insulin do?

Lowers blood glucose by promoting glucose uptake, use, and storage.

What important acute risk accompanies insulin or sulfonylureas?

Hypoglycemia.

What is metformin used for?

Treatment of type 2 diabetes; gastrointestinal effects and kidney function are important considerations.

What is levothyroxine used for?

Replacement of thyroid hormone in hypothyroidism.

What is prednisone, and why may long-term therapy require tapering?

A systemic corticosteroid that suppresses inflammation; prolonged use can suppress adrenal function, making abrupt withdrawal dangerous.

What class includes omeprazole?

Proton pump inhibitors, which reduce gastric acid production.

What is an antacid?

A medication that neutralizes existing stomach acid.

What is an antiemetic?

A medication that reduces nausea or vomiting, such as ondansetron.

What class includes sertraline?

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).