Bio Med 2 Lab | Exp 6 - Digestive System

The digestive system can be divided into two major parts, the ____ and the ____.

Alimentary canal & Accessory organs

The ___ is a long tube that runs from the mouth to the anu$. The main organs of the alimentary canal are the esophagus, stomach, intestines, rectum and anu$; The ____ is the system that comes directly in contact with food or the breakdown products of digestion.

Alimentary canal

The esophagus enters the abdominal cavity through the ____, an opening in the diaphragm (see respiratory system).

Esophageal Hiatus

The ____ are important because they secrete many important substances necessary for digestion, and yet these organs do not come into direct contact with food.  Examples of accessory organs are the salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.

Accessory Organs

Digestive Enzymes (3 Main types):

_____: enzymes that break down carbohydrates.

1. Salivary ____: released after food is being chewed to break down carbohydrates

2. Pancreatic ____: released by the pancreas to produce glucose for absorption in the small intestines.

Amylases

Digestive Enzymes (3 Main types):

____: enzymes that break down proteins into the various amino acids

1. Pepsin: found in the stomach and does the initial break down

2. Chymotrypsin and Trypsin: found in the small intestines breaks down protein chains into peptide chains. This causes the formation of amino acid that is later by the small intestines.

Proteases

Digestive Enzymes (3 Main types):

_____: enzymes that break down fats into packaged lipoproteins and prepare them for absorption through the lymph system and the blood stream.

Lipases

The major role of ____ is to supply the body with oxygen and dispose of carbon dioxide. (Can be divided into two parts)

Respiratory System

The ____ include nose and nasal passages, paranasal sinuses, the pharynx, and the portion of the larynx above the vocal folds (cords).

Upper Respiratory System (URS)

The ____ structures include the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs. Once the air enters the trachea, and travels down the trachea to primary bronchi. The primary bronchi further divided into secondary and tertiary bronchi.  

Lower Respiratory System (LRS)

The ____ and muscles of the rib cage affect the movement of air into and out of the lungs. Respiration occurs due to pressure changes within the rib cage. During inhalation, the ____ contracts downward, creating vacuum that pushes air into the lungs. Exhalation is when the diaphragm moves upwards and causes the lungs to deflate.

Diaphragm

Tidal Volume (TV)

Amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath under resting conditions (average human lung intake for normal quiet breathing).

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

Amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal volume inhalation

Inspiratory Capacity (IC)

IC = TV + IRV

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

Amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal volume exhalation (The amount remaining in the lungs of a healthy adult).

Vital Capacity (VC)

Maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after a normal maximal inspiration. TV + IRV + ERV

Residual Volume (RV)

Amount of air remaining in the lungs after complete exhalation.

Total Lung Capacity (TLC)

VC + RV

Lungs

Trachea

Lungs

Superior Lobe of Left Lung

Lungs

Carina

Lungs

Left Main (primary) Bronchus

Lungs

Lobar (secondary) Bronchus

Lungs

Segmental (tertiary) Bronchus

Lungs

Inferior Lobe of Left Lung

Lungs

Superior Lobe of Right Lung

Lungs

Middle Lobe of Right Lung

Lungs

Inferior Lobe of Right Lung

Lungs

Alveolar Duct

Lungs

Respiratory Bronchioles

Lungs

Terminal Bronchiole

Lungs

Alveolar Sac

Lungs

Alveoli

Lungs

Trachea

Lungs

Primary Bronchus

Lungs

Superior Lobe (Right)

Lungs

Middle Lobe (Right)

Lungs

Inferior Lobe (Right)

Lungs

Esophagus

Lungs

Secondary Bronchus

Lungs

Superior Lobe (Left)

Lungs

Inferior Lobe (Left)

Lungs

Cardiac Notch

Lungs

Tertiary Bronchus

Lungs

Diaphragm

Lungs

Esophageal Hiatus

Digestive System

Mouth (Oral Cavity)

Digestive System

Tongue

Digestive System

Parotid Gland (Salivary Glands)

Digestive System

Sublingual Gland (Salivary Glands)

Digestive System

Submandibular Gland (Salivary Glands)

Digestive System

Pharynx

Digestive System

Esophagus

Digestive System

Stomach

Digestive System

Pancreas

Digestive System

Spleen

Digestive System

Liver

Digestive System

Gallbladder

Digestive System

Duodenum (Small Intestine)

Digestive System

Jejunum (Small Intestine)

Digestive System

ileum (Small Intestine)

Digestive System

Transverse Colon (Large Intestine)

Digestive System

Descending Colon (Large Intestine)

Digestive System

Ascending Colon (Large Intestine)

Digestive System

Cecum (Large Intestine)

Digestive System

Sigmoid Colon (Large Intestine)

Digestive System

Rectum (Large Intestine)

Digestive System

Appendix (Large Intestine)

Digestive System

Anal Canal (Large Intestine)

Digestive System

Anus

Digestive System

Teeth

Digestive System

Liver

Digestive System

Common Hepatic Duct

Digestive System

Gallbladder

Digestive System

Bile Duct

Digestive System

Cystic Duct

Digestive System

Pyloric Sphincter

Digestive System

Duodenum (Small Intestine)

Digestive System

Pancreatic Duct

Digestive System

Colon

Digestive System

Cecum (Large Intestine)

Digestive System

Esophagus

Digestive System

Cardia

Digestive System

Fundus

Digestive System

Pylorous

Digestive System

Spleen

Digestive System

Pancreas

Digestive System

Jejunum (Small Intestine)

Digestive System

ileum (Small Intestine)

Digestive System

Rectum (Large Intestine)

Stomach

Cardia

Stomach

Esophagus

Stomach

Longitudinal Layer (Muscularis Externa)

Stomach

Circular Layer (Muscularis Externa)

Stomach

Oblique Layer (Muscularis Externa)

Stomach

Lesser Curvature

Stomach

Duodenum (Small Intestine)

Stomach

Pyloric Canal

Stomach

Greater Curvature