Lab Practical 2

Formed Elements

The cells and platelets (cell fragments)

Plasma

Fluid matrix

Antigen

Glycoprotein on the surface of RBCs

Antibody

Immune protein in the plasma that binds specific antigens

Antiserum

A solution containing antibodies, used to test for antigens

Agglutination

Clumping of RBCs when antibodies bind their antigens

Differential count

The percentage of each type of WBC

Rh+

D antigen present

Rh-

D antigen absent

When are anti-D antibodies made

Only after exposure to Rh+ blood

Erythrocyte

Carries O2 and CO2

Neutrophil

Phagocytizes bacteria and releases chemicals that recruit other immune cells

Basophil

Releases histamine (vasodilator) and heparin (anticoagulant), and is the least abundant

Eosinophil

Uses cytotoxic substances on large pathogens and antibody-coated targets

Monocyte

Becomes a macrophage in tissues

Lymphocyte

Includes T cells, B cells, and NK cells

Platelets

Forms the temporary patch and controls clotting

Plasma

Water is the most abundant (solvent, temperature), proteins carry hormones and include fibrinogen and antibodies, ions maintain osmotic pressure and wastes (urea, bilirubin, uric acid) are carried to excretion sites

High neutrophils

Bacterial infection

High lymphocytes

Viral infection

High eosinophils

Parasites or allergic reaction

High WBC overall

Infection or inflammation

Low RBC, Hgb, Hct

Anemia

High RBC, Hgb, Hct

polycythemia or dehydration

Identify what type of cell?

Neutrophils

Identify what type of cell?

Eosinophils

Identify what type of cell?

Basophils

Identify what type of cell?

Monocytes

Identify what type of cell?

Lymphocytes

Normal % of Neutrophil

50-70

Normal % of Lymphocyte

20-40

Normal % of Monocyte

2-8

Normal % of Eosinophil

2-4

Normal % of Basophil

<1

O- antigens

None

O+ antigens

D

A- antigens

A

A+ antigens

A, D

B- antigens

B

B+ antigens

B, D

AB- antigens

A, B

AB+ antigens

A, B, D

O- antibodies

anti-A, anti-B

O+ antibodies

anti-A, anti-B

A- antibodies

anti-B

A+ antibodies

anti-B

B- antibodies

anti-A

B+ antibodies

anti-A

AB- antibodies

none

AB+ antibodies

None

O- can donate to

everyone

O+ can donate to

O+, A+, B+, AB+

A- can donate to

A-, A+, AB-, AB+

A+ can donate to

A+, AB+

B- can donate to

B-, B+, AB-, AB+

B+ can donate to

B+, AB+

AB- can donate to

AB-, AB+

AB+ can donate to

AB+ only

O- can receive from

O- only

O+ can receive from

O-, O+

A- can receive from

A-, O-

A+ can receive from

A-, A+, O-, O+

B- can receive from

B-, O-

B+ can receive from

B-, B+, O-, O+

AB- can receive from

AB-, A-, B-, O-

AB+ can receive from

Everyone

Universal donor

O-

Universal recipient

AB+

Anti-A clump. Anti-B no clump, Anti-D no clump

A-

Anti-A clump, Anti-B no clump, Anti-D clump

A+

Anti-A no clump, Anti-B clump, Anti-D no clump

B-

Anti-A no clump, Anti-B clump, Anti-D clump

B+

Anti-A clump, Anti-B clump, Anti-D no clump

AB-

Anti-A clump, Anti-B clump, Anti-D clump

AB+

Anti-A no clump, Anti-B no clump, Anti-D no clump

O-

Anti-A no clump, Anti-B no clump, Anti-D clump

O+

Blood flow direction

Body to SVC/IVC (+coronary sinus), right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary semilunar valve, pulmonary trunk, R/L pulmonary arteries, lungs, pulmonary veins, left atrium, bicuspid (mitral) valve, left ventricle, aortic semilunar valve, aorta, to body

Right side circuit

Pulmonary circuit with deoxygenated blood to the lungs

Left side circuit

Systemic circuit where oxygenated blood to the body

Arteries carry blood

Away from the heart

Veins carry blood

Toward the heart

Right atrium

Receives blood from the SVC, IVC, and coronary sinus

Left atrium

Receives blood from the pulmonary veins

Right ventricle

Pumps to the pulmonary trunk

Left ventricle

Pumps to the aorta. It has the thickest wall

Auricles

Flaps on the atria that allow expansion

Interatrial septum

Separates the atria

Interventricular septum

Separates the ventricles

Tricuspid (right AV)

Between the right atrium and right ventricle

Bicuspid/mitral (left AV)

Between the left atrium and left ventricle

Pulmonary semilunar

Between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk

Aortic semilunar

Between the left ventricle and the aorta

AV valves

Close when the ventricles contract

Semilunar valves

Open during ventricular systole and close during diastole

Chordae tendineae

Strings that anchor the AV valve cusps

Papillary muscles

Contract and tighten the chordae tendineae to prevent prolapse

Aorta

Carries oxygenated blood to the body. It is thick-walled

Pulmonary trunk

Carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle and splits into the R and L pulmonary arteries

Pulmonary veins

Carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium

Superior vena cava (SVC)

drains the upper body into the right atrium