module 9 gch

sexual health

is the enjoyment of safe, voluntary, and nonviolent sexual experiences

reproductive health

encompasses issues related to fertility and infertility, pregnancy and childbirth, contraception, the prevention and treatment of sexually transmitted infections, and other aspects of gynecological and urological health

reproductive rights

describe the freedom for women and their partners to decide how many children they want without interference from governments or other organizations

maternal and child health (MCH)

is an area of public health practice that focuses on the health of mothers, infants, and children who are less than five years old. The primary goal of MCH is helping babies and young children get their healthiest start in life

demography

is the study of the size and composition of human populations

demographic transitions

is a health transition characterized by changes in population size and composition that accompany a shift toward lower birth and death rates

total fertility rate (TFR)

is the average number of children a woman gives birth to during her childbearing years

fertility transition

is a health transition characterized by a reduction in the number of children born to the typical woman

replacement population

is a demographic pattern in which the average woman gives birth to two children, one to “replace” her in the next generation and one to “replace” her partner

population pyramid

is a graphic that displays the number of females and males by age group in a population

population planning

is the practice of promoting a population growth rate that aligns with a country’s demographic goals

family planning

is a process by which adults make informed decisions about how many children they want to have, how many years apart they want those pregnancies to be, and the actions they will take to achieve those goals

birth spacing

waiting until at least two years after the birth of one child before conceiving the next child. When the time between the birth of one baby and the conception of the next is short, the older baby is at risk of malnutrition because of being weaned from breast milk at a young age, and the younger baby has an increased risk of low birth weight and preterm birth

gravidity

refers to the total number of times a woman has been pregnant, including miscarriages, abortions, stillbirths, and live births

fertility

is the total number of births, including live births and stillbirths

parity

refers to the total number of live births. A nuliparous woman has had no previous live births

contraception

is the intentional prevention of pregnancy

condom

a thin protective sheath that is used as a physical barrier during sexual contact

oral contraceptives

are pills that prevent ovulation when taken as prescribed so no egg are released from the ovaries and a pregnancy cannot occur

intrauterine device (IUD)

is a small T-shaped copper or plastic object that is placed in the womb to act as a contraceptive . IUDS prevent the fertilization of eggs

sterilization

is the use of surgical or medical procedures to intentionally make it difficult or impossible for a person to reproduce. Tubal ligation for females and vasectomies for males

abstinence

is the practice of refraining from sexual intercourse and other types of genital contact

abortion

is the termination or loss of a pregnancy

miscarriage (spontaneous abortion)

is the spontaneous loss of a pregnancy prior to the fetal age of viability

induced abortion

is a chemically or surgically terminated pregnancy

antenatal care checkups (prenatal care)

are routine preventive healthcare consultations during pregnancy that allow clinicians to identify and ameliorate potential health problems in a woman or fetus

hyperemesis gravidarum

is relentless nausea and vomiting that causes severe dehydration and significant weight loss

ectopic pregnancy

occurs when a fertilized egg implants in a fallopian tube or another location outside of the uterus

placenta previa

in which the placenta covers part or all of the cervix and causes bleeding or placental abruption

placental abruption

in which the placenta separates from the uterine wall prior to delivery, may necessitate extended periods of rest or emergency delivery

preeclampsia

is a combination of worsening hypertension in the final months of pregnancy along with the presence of protein in the urine

placenta

third stage of delivery, also known as afterbirth and is the organ that lines the uterus during pregnancy and provides oxygen and nutrients to the fetus during fetal development

skilled birth attendant (SBA)

is an obstetrician or gynecologist, another type of physician, a midwife, a nurse, or another licensed clinician who is proficient in recognizing and treating potential complications of women and newborns during and after labor and delivery

traditional birth attendant (TBA)

is a lay midwife who has been trained through an apprenticeship rather than a formal educational program

obstructed labor

is an obstetric complication that occurs when the unborn baby is wedged so tightly into the birth canal that blood flow to surrounding tissues is cut off and the tissues start to die

obstetric fistula

a hole between the rectum or bladder and the vagina that constantly leaks urine or feces

postpartum hemorrhage

is severe bleeding within several hours after giving birth, usually caused by uterine atony, or by retained placental tissue, trauma or clotting problems

sepsis

sometimes called blood poisoning, is widespread inflammation in the body that is triggered by the chemicals released by the body’s immune system in response to an infection and can lead to organ failure, shock, and death

oxytocin

a hormone that strengthens uterine contractions during labor and delivery, and then helps control postpartum bleeding

perinatal period

extends from about 22 weeks of gestation through seven days after a live birth

emergency obstetric and newborn care (EmONC)

is a core set of actions that can save the lives of women and neonates during the perinatal period

C-section

is the surgical delivery of a neonate through an incision in the mothers abdomen and uterus. A c-section rate of about 10% and no more than 15% is associated with the lowest maternal death rate

maternal mortality ratio (MMR)

is the number of women who die of pregnancy-related causes per 100,000 live births

obstetric transition

is a health transition characterized by a shift from high maternal mortality ratio to a very low ratio that typically occurs with socioeconomic development

neonate

is a newborn within his or her first 28 days after a live birth

perinatal mortality

encompasses stillbirths and death’s within the first seven days after a live birth

preterm birth

is the delivery of a baby before the 37th week of pregnancy

low birthweight

which is defined as a birthweight of less than 5.5 pounds

birth asphyxia

is a birth complication that occurs when a newborn fails to take a firth breath immediately after delivery and is therefore deprived of oxygen

cerebral palsy

a neuromuscular disorder that is associated with birth trauma and is characterized by permanent disabilities with movement, balance, and posture

tetanus

means sustained muscle contraction

primary infertility

is infertility in someone who has never achieved a live birth, and it is usually diagnosed when a conception does not occur within a year of attempting to become pregnant

secondary infertility

is the inability to have an additional offspring when attempting to conceive after giving birth

assisted reproductive technologies (ART)

are fertility treatments that handle eggs or embryos

in vitro fertilization

in which a womans eggs are extracted from her ovaries, fertilized with sperm in a laboratory setting, and then the resulting embryos are transferred to the uterus

menstruation

is the shedding of the lining of the uterus that occurs approximately monthly for most nonpregnant females of childbearing age

menarche

is the first menstrual period

menopause

is the cessation of menstruation; 12 months without a period

fibroids

are benign tumors in the uterus that can cause heavy bleeding and pelvic pain

endometriosis

is a condition in which some of the tissue that lines the uterus is located on the ovaries or in other parts of the abdominal cavity

benign prostatic hyperplasia

is an enlargement of the prostate gland that may cause difficulty with urination and sexual performance, and the prevalence of the BPH is very high among older men

sexual orientation

is a function of an individuals sexual attraction, identity, and behavior

MSM

is a classification that emphasizes sexual behavior rather than sexual identity by encompassing all men who have sex with men

gender identity

which is an individuals sense of maleness or femaleness

cisgender

describes a person whose gender identity aligns with the sex assigned to that individual at birth

transgender

describes a person whose gender identity does not match the sex assigned at birth