Exam 1

Thyroid

It controls the rate of many activities in your body.

Pancreas

the enzymes break down sugars, fats, and starches.

Nernst equation

The ________ predicts the potential voltage across the membrane that prevents net movement of a single ion in either direction.

Positive Feedback

increase in a variable stimulates a further increase until the stimulus removed.

Kidneys

releases renin, which keeps blood pressure normal.

dehydration

It is created by a(n) ________ synthesis in which a water molecule is released.

Ovaries

controls your menstrual cycle and pregnancy.

Energy

________ is released from the phosphate bond.

Parathyroid

________: controls calcium levels in your blood.

sucking on mother's breast stimulates milk production which causes further feeding.

example of positive feedback

Krebs cycle

The ________ produces reducing equivalents NADH+ (H+), and FADH2 which it is sent to the electron transport chain.

substrate specific so only certain substrates can fit in the active site

Enzymes are

Thymus

________: producing and maturing lymphocytes, or immune cells.

plasma membrane

The ________ acts as a barrier which is also semi- permeable to some small molecules via AQUAPORINS.

hypothalamus

the master gland in managing hormones.

Cytoplasm/cytoskeleton

________: gel- like matrix in lattice /netword of fibrous protienms.

Special protein carriers

________ allow impermeable molecules to come through via Active transport.

Testies

________: responsible for sex drive, fertility, and the development of muscle and bone mass.

Gi Tract

________: regulation of secretion, absorption, digestion, and gut motility.

Adrenals

________: produce hormones that help regulate your metabolism, immune system, blood pressure, response to stress, and other essential functions.

Lysosomes

________: sac of digestive enzymes.

Pineal

________: secrets melatonin to regulate day /night cycle.

Covalent Bonds

________: Sharing of electrons between two or more atoms.

Genetic Control

________ is the central dogma of biology.

Peroxisomes

________: H2O2 producing enzymes.

Bases

________ are proton acceptors.

Membrane potential

is measured by the net positive charge outside and the net negative charge inside the cell.

Acids

________ are proton donators.

REDOX reactions

The Krebs cycle produces reducing equivalents NADH+(H+), and FADH2 which it is sent to the electron transport chain

Na+/K+ pumps/semi-permeability

Membrane potential is maintained via ________ and the __________ of the plasma membrane.

membrane potential

The resting ________ is the charge differential between both sides of the membrane resulting in a slight negative charge inside and positive outside.

ATP Hydrolysis

________ is the process in which ATP is catabolized into ADP+Pi via an enzyme.

Pituitary gland

________: controlling growth and development and the functioning of the other endocrine glands.

Phospholipids

________ are amphipathic molecules meaning it's a chemical substance that reduce the surface tension of water.

Ionic Bonds

________: Sharing of the smaller valence electrons between two or more atoms.

Negative Feedback

________: maintains a fairly constant level of a physiological variable.

Phospholipids

In terms of cellular function, it's a component in the plasma membrane called a phospholipid bilayer.

enzyme

A(n) ________ is a catalyst that speeds up chemical reactions in biological systems.

phospholipid bilayer and special protein carriers

Plasma membrane consists of a _____and ___________.

Positive Feedback

increase in a variable stimulates a further increase until the stimulus removed

Ionic Bonds

Sharing of the smaller valence electrons between two or more atoms

Covalent Bonds

Sharing of electrons between two or more atoms

Cytoplasm/cytoskeleton

gel-like matrix in lattice/netword of fibrous protienms

Lysosomes

sac of digestive enzymes

Peroxisomes

H2O2 producing enzymes

Mitochondria

cellular energy (ATP)

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Manufacture, storage

Golgi apparatus

packaging, distribution

Nucleus

DNA envelope

ATP hydrolysis

Coupled reactions, how does the body derive usable energy from the compound ATP

2nd Messenger System

Peptide Based hormones Protein Based hormones

Pineal

secrets melatonin to regulate day/night cycle

Pituitary gland

controlling growth and development and the functioning of the other endocrine glands

Hypothalamus

manages hormones

Thyroid

controls the rate of many activities in your body

Parathyroid

controls calcium levels in your blood

Thymus

producing and maturing lymphocytes, or immune cells

Adrenals

produce hormones that help regulate your metabolism, immune system, blood pressure, response to stress, and other essential functions

Pancreas

enzymes break down sugars, fats, and starches

Ovaries

control your menstrual cycle and pregnancy

Testies

  responsible for sex drive, fertility, and the development of muscle and bone mass

Kidneys

renin, which keeps blood pressure normal

Gi Tract

  regulation of secretion, absorption, digestion, and gut motility

(CH2O)n

The general chemical formula for carbohydrate

Direct Gene Activation

Lipophilic hormones

The first messenger binds to G protein-coupled receptor which then releases a g-protein subunit that binds/activates Adenylate Cyclase. In which the second messenger is released

How do peptide & protein-based hormones stimulate intracellular responses?

regulated by negative feedback

How are adenohypophyseal/anterior pituitary hormones regulated?

TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone), ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic Hormone), and FSH (follicle stimulating, LH(luteinizing hormones)

What are the primary tropic hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary?

Regulated by the release of (Releasing Hormones and Inhibiting Hormones) via hypothalamic control

How is the secretion of these hormones regulated in each case?