WRI 2550 - Quiz 2

[p]

pill (p)

[b]

bill (b)

[m]

mill (m)

[f]

feel (f)

[v]

veal (v)

[θ]

thigh (th)

[ð]

thy (th)

[ʃ]

shill (sh)

[ʒ]

measure (s)

[t]

till (t)

[d]

dill (d)

[n]

nil (n)

[s]

seal (s)

[z]

zeal (z)

[ʧ]

chill (ch)

[ʤ]

gin (g)

[ʍ]

which (wh)

[k]

kill (k)

[g]

gill (g)

[ŋ]

ring (ng)

[h]

heal (h)

[l]

leaf (l)

[r]

reef (r)

[j]

you (y)

[w]

witch (w)

[i]

beet (ee)

[ɪ]

bit (i)

[e]

bait (ai)

[ɛ]

bet (e)

[u]

boot (oo)

[ʊ]

foot (oo)

[o]

boat (oa)

[ɔ]

bore (or)

[æ]

bat (a)

[a]

pot (o) / bar (ar)

[ʌ]

butt (u)

[ə]

sofa (final a)

[aɪ]

bite (i)

[aʊ]

bout (ou)

[ɔɪ]

boy (oy)

Voiced

Vocal cords vibrate; e.g. [b], [z]

Voiceless

Vocal cords do not vibrate; e.g. [p], [s]

Voiceless — aspirated

Puff of air after release; [pʰ] pit, [tʰ] tick, [kʰ] kin

Voiceless — unaspirated

No puff of air; [p] spit, [t] stick, [k] skin

Bilabial

Both lips together; [p, b, m]

Labiodental

Bottom lip + upper teeth; [f, v]

Interdental

Tongue tip between teeth; [θ, ð]

Alveolar

Tongue at alveolar ridge; [t, d, n, s, z, l, r]

Palatal

Front tongue raised to palate; [ʃ, ʒ, ʧ, ʤ, j]

Velar

Back tongue raised to velum; [k, g, ŋ]

Uvular

Back tongue forms closure near uvula; [q, G]

Glottal

Articulated at glottis; [h, ʔ]

Nasal vs. oral

Nasal: air through nose [m, n, ŋ]; Oral: air through mouth [b, d, g]

Stops

Airstream completely blocked briefly; [p, b, m, t, d, n, k, g, ŋ]

Fricatives

Narrow passage creates friction; [f, v, θ, ð, s, z, ʃ, ʒ, h]

Affricates

Stop closure followed by fricative-like release; [ʧ, ʤ]

Liquids

Some obstruction, no real friction; [l, r]

Glides

Little obstruction; tongue glides to vowel; [j, w]

How are vowels classified?

Tongue height + tongue position + lip rounding; [i] = high, front, unrounded

How are consonants classified?

Voicing + place + manner; [p] = voiceless, bilabial, stop

Tense vs. lax vowels

Tense = longer, slightly higher: [i] beet; Lax: [ɪ] bit

Diphthong

Two vowel sounds bonded together; [aɪ] bite, [aʊ] bout, [ɔɪ] boy