Dialectical Materialism and Epistemology Review

Vocabulary practice flashcards covering core concepts of Marxist-Leninist Dialectical Materialism and Epistemology from Chapter II.

Universal Connection (Mối liên hệ)

The objective, universal, and diverse relationships among things and phenomena, wherein internal connections play the decisive role in determining movement and development.

Development (Phát triển)

In Marxist philosophy, movement from low to high and from simple to complex, characterized by objectivity, universality, and diversity.

Comprehensive Viewpoint (Quan điểm toàn diện)

The methodological principle requiring that a thing be perceived as an integrated system of reciprocal connections among its own elements and between it and other things, opposing one-sidedness, eclecticism, and sophistry.

Developmental Viewpoint (Quan điểm phát triển)

The methodological principle requiring things to be examined within their own movement and forward progression into the future, opposing conservative and dogmatic viewpoints.

Quality (Chất)

A philosophical category denoting the inherent objective definiteness of an object or phenomenon, formed by the organic unity of its constituent attributes, which defines what the object is and distinguishes it from others.

Quantity (Lượng)

A philosophical category indicating the inherent definiteness of an object regarding number, scale, level, and rhythm of its movement and development, as well as its constituent attributes.

Measure (Độ)

A philosophical category denoting the limit of quantitative change within which the qualitative definiteness of an object or phenomenon remains unchanged.

Nodal Point and Leap (Điểm nút và Bước nhảy)

The critical boundary point and resulting transitional process through which a cumulative change in quantity breaches measure and produces a radical transformation of quality (e.g., water changing from liquid to gas at $100^\top\text{C}$).

Law of Transformation of Quantitative into Qualitative Changes

The fundamental law of materialist dialectics that reveals the mechanism and method of movement and development through the gradual accumulation of quantitative alterations culminating in qualitative leaps.

Law of the Unity and Struggle of Opposites (Quy luật mâu thuẫn)

The kernel of materialist dialectics identified by Lenin, which discloses the internal source and driving force of all movement and development in the material world.

Opposite Aspects (Mặt đối lập)

Objective and inherent sides, tendencies, or forces within things and phenomena that possess contrary characteristics while remaining organically interrelated.

Unity of Opposites (Sự thống nhất của các mặt đối lập)

The coexistence, mutual reliance, and mutual conditioning between opposite aspects wherein one aspect provides the prerequisite for the existence of the other; it is relative in nature.

Struggle of Opposites (Sự đấu tranh của các mặt đối lập)

The continuous mutual negation, exclusion, and repudiation between opposing aspects within an object; it is absolute in nature.

Dialectical Negation (Phủ định biện chứng)

The objective self-negation arising from internal contradictions of a thing, characterized by inheritance wherein positive and viable elements of the old are preserved and transformed within the new.

Law of Negation of the Negation (Quy luật phủ định của phủ định)

The dialectical law indicating the upward trend of development through cyclical stages along a spiral path, repeating features of the starting point on a new, higher basis.

Philosophical Categories (Phạm trù triết học)

The most general concepts reflecting the fundamental, universal aspects and relationships of the entire objective reality, consisting of objective content expressed through subjective thought forms.

The Individual (Cái riêng)

A philosophical category designating a distinct, singular object, phenomenon, or process existing in objective reality.

The General (Cái chung)

A philosophical category designating common aspects, traits, or properties that recur across many individual objects or processes.

The Singular / Unique (Cái đơn nhất)

A philosophical category designating properties, characteristics, or features found only in a specific individual entity and not repeated in any other.

Cause (Nguyên nhân)

A philosophical category denoting the objective interaction between aspects within a thing or between things that brings about a definite change.

Effect (Kết quả)

A philosophical category denoting the changes that arise as the direct outcome of the interaction between aspects within a thing or between different things.

Necessity (Tất nhiên)

That which is governed by the internal, essential causes of a material structure and, under certain conditions, must inevitably happen exactly as it does.

Chance / Accident (Ngẫu nhiên)

That which is not governed by the internal essential structure of an object, but rather by external factors and circumstances, meaning it may or may not occur in a particular way.

Content (Nội dung)

The totality of all constituent elements, aspects, and processes that constitute an object or phenomenon.

Form (Hình thức)

The mode of existence and development of an object, consisting of the relatively stable system of connections among its constituent elements.

Essence (Bản chất)

The synthesis of all internal, necessary, and relatively stable connections within an object that govern its existence, motion, and development.

Phenomenon (Hiện tượng)

The external manifestation of an object's internal essence to the outside world.

Reality (Hiện thực)

A philosophical category designating that which actually exists in the present objective world.

Possibility (Khả năng)

A philosophical category designating that which does not yet exist in actuality, but will materialize when appropriate conditions are fulfilled.

Practice (Thực tiễn)

The totality of purposeful, socio-historical material activities of human beings aimed at transforming nature and society, serving as the basis, motive force, aim of cognition, and criterion of truth.

Material Production (Sản xuất vật chất)

The most fundamental form of practical activity that generates essential material wealth decisive to human existence and historical development.

Sensory Cognition (Nhận thức cảm tính)

The initial stage of knowledge that reflects the direct, external, and diverse attributes of reality through sensations, perceptions, and representations.

Rational Cognition (Nhận thức lý tính)

The higher stage of knowledge that reflects the indirect, generalized, and internal essential relations of reality through concepts, judgments, and inferences.

Truth (Chân lý)

Knowledge and propositions that accurately reflect objective reality and are verified through social practice, characterized by objectivity, absoluteness, relativity, and concreteness.