Chapter 2 Chemistry

Biochemistry

the study of chemical composition and chemical reactions of living things

Major elements in human body

96% (Oxygen O, Carbon C, Hydrogen H, Nitrogen N)

Lesser Elements

3.9% (Calcium Ca, Phosphorus P, Potassium K, Sulfur S, Sodium Na, Chlorine Cl, Magnesium Mg, Iodine I, Iron Fe)

Trace Elements

less than .01% (Chromium Cr, Cobalt Co, Copper Cu)

Chemical reactions rearrangements of matter

smallest atom Ex- 2 H2+O2 (reactants) 2 H2 O (products)

Synthesis reactions

chemical bonds are formed, larger molecules result Ex- amino acids join together to form protein molecules

Decomposition reactions

chemical bonds are broken, smaller molecules Ex- glycogen broken down to release glucose molecules

Exchange reactions

both synthesis and decomposition occur Ex- ATP has 3 phosphates and combine with glucose to form glucose phosphate (ADP has 2 phosphates)

dehydration synthesis

water is removed, chemical bond forms,larger molecule

Hydrolysis

water is added. chemical bond is broken, smaller molecules

Factors affecting

temperture increase

concentration

particle size

catalyst- substance that speeds up chemical reaction

Enzymes

biological catalyst, proteins, can be reused, many is needed

Metabolism

sum of all the chemical reactions happening in the body

Elements combine with other elements to form compounds

Inorganic compounds

lack carbon and are made of simple, smaller molecules

Organic compounds

carbon based and are made of large complex molecules

water makes up 60% of the body, is a polar molecule (unbalanced)

covalent bond

when electrons are shared between atoms

Hydrogen bond

weak attraction between polar molecules

high head capacity

can hold a lot of heat without temp change

high heat vaporization

a lot of heat must be added to change water from liquid to gas

Universal solvent

water dissolves most substances

cushions the body

cerebrospinal fluid- surrounding brain

salts

ionic compounds

valence shell

outermost electron shells

ion

charged particle

Na + (sodium ion)

Function- maintain water balance

Ca +2 calcium ion

function- skeletal, blood clotting, muscle contraction

Acids and bases

ionic compounds (they affect the H+ ion concentration of fluids

Acid

a substances that releases (H+ ions into solution) Ex- HCI → H+ +Cl-

solution

mixture of solvent and solutes

Base

a substance that removes H+ ions from a solution Ex- NaOH → Na+ +OH

ph scale

measures solutions

ph 7

neutral solution

below ph 7

acidic solution

above ph7

basic solution

Buffers

help maintain the ph of solutions

Organic compounds

consist of large, complex, carbon based molecules, repeating units building blocks, consist of carbon skeleton

4 main organic comp

carbohydrates

lipids

proteins

nucleic acids

functional groups

groups of atoms that participate in chemical reaction

OH=

hydroxyl

C=O

carbonyl

COOH=

carboxyl (acidic)

NH2=

amino (basic)

SH=

sulfhydryl

PO 4 -2=

phosphate

Function of carbonhydrates

usuable food fuel

monosaccharides (small)

building blocks and monomers Ex- glucose, fructose, galactose

Isomer

have the same chemical formula but diff arrangment of atoms

Disaccharides (medium)

Ex- sucrose, maltose, lactose

Polycarrides (large)

Ex glycogen, startch

Lipids

non polar molecules that are unusable in water ex-oil

triglycerides- fats/ oils

function- compact storage form of energy fast, consist of glycerol and 3 fatty acids

Phospolipids

function- main component of cell membrane

steroids

function- regulatory molecules

gobular round like

ex enzymes (sped up chemical reaction, hemogolblin- transport protein, antibodies protect body defense

fibrous strand like

ex- collagen build structures, muscle concetration

Function of nucleic acids

holds all genetic info

building blocks of nucleic acids are nucleotides

DNA

deoxyribonucleic acid

ATP

adeonsine triphophate function holds chemical energy used for cellular work

RNA

ribonucleic acid