anatomy unit 4 last minute

Blood buffers

Biocarbonate ion(electrolyte) , albumin (osmotic pressure as well)

Hematocrit

Erythrocytes/total blood volume

Alpha and beta globulins

Produced in liver, transport proteins

Alpha and beta globulins

Produced in liver, transport proteins

Clotting proteins

Fibrinogen and prothrombin, produced in liver

Precursor to RBC and WBC

Hemocytoblast

Erythropoesis

1- Hemocytoblast

2- myeloid stem cells

3- proerythroblast

4- erythroblast

5- normoblast

6- reticulocytes (mature in red bone marrow)

7- erythrocytes

HMPENRE

Disposal of erythrocytes

Trapped in spleen, destroyed by macrophages

Breakdown of HEME

Broken down by bilirubin, iron stored in body

Breakdown of globin

Broken into amino acids for later use

Thalassemias

Faulty globin chain

Polycythemia

Excessively high erythrocyte count

Polycythemia Vera

Excessive RBC due to bone marrow cancer, treated with blood dilution

Leukocytes

Have nucleus and organelles

Diapedesis

Leukocytes can leave capillaries and enter tissues

Granulocytes

Contains cytoplasmic granules

Neutrophils (Lilac)

Contain defensins

Attracted to inflammation

Phagocytosis using hydrogen peroxide

Eosinophils (Red)

Digestive enzymes

Attack parasites

Basophils (Purple-Black)

Contains Histamines and Heparin

Vasodilator for inflammation

Agranulocytes

Do not contain cytoplasmic granules

Leukocytes (dark purple)

Lymphoid tissues

T Cells (Leukocytes)

Viruses and tumors

B cells (Leukocytes)

Plasma cells, antibodies

Monocytes (Dark Purple)

Become macrophages

Phagocytosis

Viruses and Bacteria

Leukopoesis

Colony Stimulating Factors

Granulocyte production

1- Hemocytoblast

2- Myeloid stem cell

3- precursor cell

4- granulocyte

Monocyte production

1- Hemocytoblast

2- myeloid stem cell

3- monoblast

4- monocyte

Lymphocyte production

1- Hemocytoblast

2- lymphoid stem cell

3- lymphoblast

4- lymphocyte

Thrombopoesis

1- Hemocytoblast

2- megakaryoblast

3- megakaryocyte

4- thrombocyte

Agglutinogens

Same as the blood type

Agglutinins

Opposite of blood type

Pericardium

Fibrous pericardium- dense CT

Serous Pericardium made of

-Parietal layer

-Pericardial cavity

-visceral layer

Chordae tendonae

Attatch to papillary muscles in ventricles

Pectinate muscles

Atrium of the heart

Left coronary artery blood flow

Feeds left wall, ANT IV, Circumflex

Anterior intervintricular artery

Apex of heart

Circumflex artery

Atrium and posterior portion of wall

R coronary artery

Wall of R atrium, SA node

“Widow Maker”

Left Anterior Descending artery

Venous return of heart

Myocardium, Cardiac veins, Coronary sinus of R atrium

Thyroxine

Produced by thyroid gland, controls overall metabolism

Calcium

Heart activity increases with increase

Endocardial tubes

Develop around 19 days following conception, become heart

Foramen ovale

Bypasses pulmonary circulation, becomes fossa ovalis after it closes

Ductus arteriosis

Pulmonary veins to aorta

Lacteal linings

In small intestines, lipids and lipid soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K)

Lymphatic cells

Lymphocytes T and B,

Macrophages

Dendritic cells- phagocytes foreign cells

Reticular cells- Protein support fibers

Neutrophils- bacteria

Lymphatic Capillaries

Comprised of endothelial cells that open with pressure

Lacteals

Lymphatic capillaries that transport fat from intestines to blood

Chyle

Fatty Lymph

Collecting vessels

3 tunics like blood vessels

Trunks

Connect vessels to ducts

R duct

R Arm,

R side of thorax and head

L duct

L side of head, L arm, L thorax, lower body

Contents of lymph nodes

Macrophages to filter

Lymphocytes to attack foreign structures

Lymph node capsule

Surrounds lymphnode

Trabeculae

Reach in and divides the lymph nodes into compartments

Lymphatic cortex

Follicles with B cells

Lymph node medulla

Contains medullary cords that have plasma cells

Lymph sinuses

Central node (lymphocytes and macrophages)

Lymph node circulation

Afferent vessels

Subcapsular sinus

Hilus

Efferent vessels

Spleen structure

Capsule surrounding it

Trabeculae

Red pulp

White pulp

Red Pulp

Splenic cords, macrophages, RBC breakdown

White Pulp

Lymphocytes and macrophages

Tonsils

Crypts where stuff gets trapped,

Palatine tonsil

Most infected

Pharyngeal tonsil

Referred to as adenoid tonsil if infected

Aggregates of lymphoid follicles

Peyers patches- small intestines structures similar to tonsils

Vermiform Appendix- Large intestine node similar to peyers patches