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Muckrakers (1900)

Journalists who exposed corruption, social injustices, and unsafe working conditions. Their work increased public demand for Progressive reforms such as the Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)

Bonus Army (1932)

World War veterans who marched in D.C demanding early payments of bonuses. Hoover ordered military removal, damaging his reputation and public support

Palmer Raids

Government raids arresting suspected radicals and communist. Deportation of many immigrants and violation of civil liberties

Teapot Dome Scandal (1921)

Government corruption scandal involving illegal oil leasing for bribes. Loss of public trust in government and reforms in political accountability

Red Scare (1919)

Fear of communism spreading in the U.S after the Russian Revolution. Anti-communist panic, discrimination against immigrants, and political repression

League of Nations (1919)

International organization created after World War I to prevent future wars. Failed effectiveness because the U.S never joined, weakening global enforcement power.

Zimmermann Telegram (1917)

Secret German message proposing Mexico attack the U.S. U.S public outrage and U.S entry into World War I

Lusitania (1915)

British ship sunk by a German submarine, killing civilians including Americans. U.S anger toward Germany and pushed U.S closer to entering World War I

Roosevelt Corollary (1904)

Expansion of Monroe Doctrine stating U.S could intervene in Latin America. Increased U.S intervention in Latin American countries

Platt Amendment (1901)

Law that allowed U.S control over Cuban foreign policy and military intervention. Cuba became heavily influenced by the U.S despite formal independence

Spanish-American War (1898)

War between U.S and Spain over Cuba’s independence. U.S became an imperial power, gaining Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam

XVI Amendment (1913)

Legalized federal income tax. Government gained stable funding and expanding federal programs.

XVII Amendment (1913)

Direct election of senators by voters. Reduced corruption from state legislatures and increased democratic participation.

XVIII Amendment (1919)

Prohibition of alcohol. Rise of illegal alcohol trade (bootlegging) and organized crime

XIX Amendment (1920)

Gave woman right to vote. Major expansion of democracy and women’s political participation

Social Darwinism

The belief that competition naturally determines success and failure in society. It was used to justify inequality and oppose government intervention.

Laissez-Faire

The belief that the government should interfere as little as possible in the economy. It delayed reform efforts because many Americans believed business should regulate themselves.