Exam 2 Study Guide

What are important systems of the Integumentary System.

The skin, sudoriferous glands, sebaceous glands, hairs, nails, and subcutaneous tissue.

Describe the importance of the skin.

Helps with keeping the body enclosed, protecting the inside from what is outside.

Describe the importance of the sudoriferous glands.

Helps maintain homeostasis

Describe the importance of the sebaceous glands.

Helps maintain homeostasis

Describe the importance of the hairs.

protects the top of your head from the sunlight.

Describe the importance of the nails.

protects 3rd phalanging

Describe the importance of the subcutaneous tissue.

helps with thermoregulation, protects body, & storing energy.

Identify the functions of the types of cells found in the epidermis.

Dendtric cells, melanocytes, keratinocytes, and Merkel cells

Describe the function of Dendtric (Langerhans) cells.

Helps capture germs, preventing them from spreading all over the body.

Describe the function of melanocytes.

Helps move melanin throughout the body which helps protect UV rays.

Describe the function of keratinocytes.

Helps provide a barrier around the skin, keeping it waterproof and leaving water inside the body.

Describe the function of Merkel cells

Helps with being able to touch objects without causing damage.

Identify the different layers of the epidermis.

Stratum Corneum, Stratum lucidum, Stratum granulosum, Stratum spinosum, Stratum basale.

Describe the Stratum Corneum.

The top most layer, filled with dead keratinized cells, provides a barrier to prevent dehydration (keeps water in and out).

Describe the Stratum Lucidum.

In the hands and feet, only thick layer, translucent.

Describe the Stratum Granulosum.

Cells flatten enough so the nuclei and organelle disintegrate.

Describe the Stratum Spinosum.

Where melanin is stored, also contains dendtric cells.

Describe the Stratum Basale.

lowest layer of epidermis, where the keratinocytes cells are formed.

What does the papillary dermis do?

Nutrients are delivered between layers of the epidermis, along with nerves being activated.

What does the Reticular Dermis do?

Helps the foundation of the skin, allows for the strength and elasticity of the skin.

Differentiate the different parts of the hypodermis.

The adipose tissue allows for the storing of fat cells with the triglycerides and the areolar connective tissue bands anchors the dermis to the muscles.

Describe the function of melanin and the role of color in skin.

Helps to keep your skin protected from UV rays by the darkening of the skin. Sometimes it is a reddish yellow or a brownish black. The amount of melanin is dependent on the amount of exposure to the UV, it can also result in freckles.

Identify the different skin color terms

Carotene, Hemoglobin, Cyanosis, Pallor/Blanching, Erythema, and Jaundice.

What is Carotene?

A yellow to orangey color, mostly in carrots, located in the palms and soles, related to vitamin A. Located in the stratum corneum or hypodermis.

What is hemoglobin.

Red blood cells that are exposed in pale skin, resulting in a pinkish hue within the skin.

What is Cyanosis.

Turning blue, related to either below temperature or breathing problems.

What is Pallor or Blanching.

The whitening of skin by holding the skin down, can show blood volume.

What is Erythema.

Any type of redness, like rosacea or sunburn.

What is jaundice.

The yellowing of the skin, typically an indication of a poor liver.

Describe the structure of hair.

Contains both a root and shaft. The root is beneath the skin while the shaft is above the skin.

Describe the function of hair.

Protect the most exposed part of the body from the UV rays, temperature regulation, and helps with detecting objects touching the skin.

Describe the nail plate in relation to the structure of nails.

Made of hard kertain, which is the entire nail.

Describe the free edge in relation to the structure of nails.

The excess nail that typically gets cut,

Describe the nail matrix in relation to the structure of nails.

Makes more nail plate.

Describe the cuticle in relation to the structure of nails.

Connects your nail to your upper skin.

Describe the root in relation to the structure of nails.

Underneath the skin

Describe the nail bed in relation to the structure of nails.

What is underneath the nail

Describe the function of nails.

Protect the most sensitive part of the finger.

What is the Eccrine Sweat Glands?

Normal sweat from most parts of the body, typically just water with a little bit of salt including urea, uric acid, and ammonia.

What is the Apocrine Sweat Glands.

Sweat from armpits and anogenital, fat and proteins are in sweat causing an attraction from bacteria, which results in the poor smell. Activates after puberty.

Describe a 1st degree burn.

Only burns epidermal layer, results in pain and swelling.

Describe a 2nd degree burn.

Burns epidermal and upper dermal layers, results in blisters.

Describe a 3rd degree burn.

Burns epidermal and dermal layers, not painful (since there is no nerve endings to feel pain), no swelling (no skin to swell).

Describe Basal Cell Carcinoma.

most common skin cancer, affects Stratum Basale, unlikely to spread, surgery required.

Describe Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

Can spread, affects the most exposed areas to sun, found in stratum spinosum, surgery or radiation.

Describe Melanoma.

Most dangerous form of skin cancer, highly metastatic (dangerous when spread to brain), results from tumors of melanocytes, resistant to chemotherapy. Surgery, immunotherapy, radiation therapy, or gene therapy are solutions.

List and describe the functions of the skeleton

Describe the surface and interior anatomy of a long bone. Know the functions of the listed features, (bone marrow, nutrient foramen, articular cartilage, periosteum, endosteum, epiphyseal line/plate)

List and describe the functions of the four types of bone cells

Differentiate the components and the functions of compact and spongy bone (this includes osteons and trabeculae.)

Distinguish between red and yellow bone marrow in terms of function and location.

List the major steps of intramembranous ossification. Where does it occur?

List the major steps of endochondral ossification. Where does it occur?

Describe the process of bone elongation.

Describe appositional growth. How does it work?

Describe bone remodeling.

Why is it dangerous for blood calcium levels to go too low? Too high?

Which hormone is responsible for raising blood calcium levels? What do these hormones affect to make blood calcium levels increase?

What is the primary hormone responsible for lowering blood calcium levels? What does this hormone affect to make blood calcium levels decrease?

Is the homeostatic control mechanism of blood calcium levels positive or negative?

Describe the process of bone repair/healing.

Describe the different types of fractures.