Human Anatomy 10/6

The lower limbs contain how many bones?

31 in 5 regions

Ischium, Ilium, and pubis all meet at what?

the acetabulum

What is the body’s longest and strongest bone?

the femur

how much of a person’s height is the femur?

¼ of a person’s height

what is the angle approximately between the neck and shaft of the femur?

125

What does the proximal end of the femur contain?

head (with fover capitis), neck, greater and lesser trochanters, intertrochanteric line (front), and the crest (back)

Feature of the shaft of the femur

slightly forward, the linea aspera, a rough ridge on the back, anchors thigh muscles

what does the distal end of the femur contain"?

medial and lateral condyles, epicondyles, adductor tubercle, intercondylar fossa, patellar surface

What is the largest sesamoid of the body?

the patella

what boosts the quadriceps?

the patella

Where does the patella develop?

inside the quadriceps rather than at a joint between other bones

How does the patella increase leverage?

by holding tendon away from the knee’s axis, making the knee extension more efficient

What shape is the patella?

triangular shape that has a broad base superiorly, and a pointed apex inferiorly

Why do we have tuberosities?

because of the forces pressed upon those areas from the muscles (Wolff’s Law)

What is the Tibia’s main function?

to bear the weight

What is the main function of the Fibula?

To support the ankles

What are the 3 levels that the fibula and tibia are bound to?

Proximal tibiofibular joint, Interosseous membrane, and Distal tibiofibular joint

What is the ankle mortise?

It is the Tibia and the 2 malleoli form a bracket that grips the talus, creating a stable hinge at the ankle joint

How many bones does the foot contain?

26

What are the 3 arches of the foot?

Medial longitudinal, Lateral longitudinal, Transverse

the medial longitudinal

the highest area on the inner side (calcaneus, talus, navicular, cuneiforms, metatarsals 1-3)

lateral longitudinal

Lower and flatter, on the outer side (Calcaneus, cuboid, metatarsals 4-5)

Transverse arch

Runs side to side across the mid-foot (Cuneiforms, cuboid, bases of the metatarsals)

What are arches for?

They act as shock absorbers and springs during walking and running

How are arches held up?

by bone shape, ligaments (such as the plantar fascia) and muscle tendons

Femoral neck fracture

Typical after a fall in older adults; can disrupt blood supply to the femoral head

Tibial shaft fracture

Bone lies just under the skin, so fractures are often open (through the skin)

Fibular neck fracture

can injure the common fibular nerve as it wraps around, causing foot drop

Ankle (malleoli)

Twisting injuries break one or both malleoli and destabilase the mortise

5th metatarsal base fracture

inversion (rolled ankle) can pull off the tuberosity

Metatarsal stress fracture

Repetitive loading, e.g. long marches or running; often the 2nd metatarsal

How does the patella protect the knee?

shields the front of the joint and articulates only with the femur, not the tibia