US His 1 exam 3

Historical Forces

Anything that causes change or continuity in history.

Sovereignty

The ability of a people or nation to govern themselves.

Authority

The power or right to enforce rules and make decisions that others follow.

Unicameral

A legislature with one house.

Bicameral

A legislature with two houses.

Interstate

Between or among states.

Intrastate

Within a single state.

Strict Interpretation

Interpreting the Constitution according to its exact wording.

Broad Interpretation

Interpreting the Constitution to include implied powers.

Common Sense

Pamphlet written by Thomas Paine advocating independence from Great Britain.

John Locke

Enlightenment philosopher who argued for natural rights and the right to overthrow tyrannical governments.

Federalism

A system that divides power between national and state governments.

What are historical forces?

Factors that create change or continuity in history.

What do historical forces help us do?

Organize and analyze historical events and developments.

What are cultural forces?

Language, religion, traditions, customs, and lifestyles that shape society.

Examples of cultural forces in North American civilizations

Mound building, religious beliefs, burial practices, temple construction.

What are geographic/natural forces?

Natural features or events that influence history.

Examples of geographic forces in North America

Mississippi River, Appalachian Mountains, Atlantic Ocean, Pacific Ocean, Gulf of Mexico.

Major characteristics of Pacific Coast peoples

Fishing-based economy, hunting, strong spiritual traditions, abundant natural resources.

What cultural forces are seen in mound-building societies?

Religious practices and construction of burial and ceremonial mounds.

What geographic forces influenced mound-building societies?

River systems that supported agriculture and trade.

What was Cahokia?

The largest Native American urban center north of Mexico.

Why did Cahokia decline?

Environmental stress, deforestation, flooding, and social instability.

What do we learn from Cahokia?

Native societies were complex, organized, and influential.

What are political forces?

Government, laws, leadership, military actions, and political institutions.

Example of political forces among Native Americans

The Iroquois League and its council government.

What made the Iroquois unique?

Women had important political influence.

What does matrilineal mean?

Tracing family descent through the mother's line.

Two major factors leading to exploration

Renaissance ideas and growing tensions in Europe.

Three major tensions in Europe

Population growth, enclosure movement, and religious conflicts.

What was the Reformation?

A religious movement that split Christianity into Catholic and Protestant branches.

Who started the Reformation?

Martin Luther.

Humanism

Belief that humans can use reason and achieve greatness.

Secularism

The separation of religion from government and public affairs.

John Calvin's major belief

Predestination.

Impact of Calvinism

Encouraged self-discipline, local church control, and resistance to ungodly rulers.

Who were the West Countrymen?

English promoters of colonization and privateers who attacked Spanish interests.

Who were the social elite?

Monarchs, aristocrats, and wealthy landowners.

Who were commoners?

Farmers, laborers, merchants, peasants, and beggars.

How did tensions affect commoners?

Many lost land and sought opportunities in the New World.

What happened at Roanoke?

The colony disappeared after struggling with supplies and native relations.

Why was Roanoke significant?

It was England's first major colonization attempt in North America.

What did Roanoke teach England?

Early colonization was difficult and required better planning.

Why was Jamestown better than Roanoke?

Better location, tobacco profits, and eventual stability.

When was Jamestown established?

1607.

Who established Jamestown?

The Virginia Company.

Why was mortality high in Jamestown?

Disease, starvation, and lack of farming experience.

How did Jamestown survive?

Tobacco cultivation and continued immigration.

Who was Sir Edwin Sandys?

Virginia Company leader who promoted immigration through the headright system.

Who was William Laud?

Archbishop who persecuted Puritans.

Why did Puritans leave England?

Religious persecution.

What was the Puritan idea of divine punishment?

God punished communities that disobeyed his will.

Major focus of the Enlightenment

Reason and scientific thinking.

How was John Locke connected to the Enlightenment?

He promoted natural rights and government by consent.

How was Isaac Newton connected to the Enlightenment?

His scientific methods inspired rational thinking.

Major focus of the Great Awakening

Personal faith and emotional religious experience.

Who was Jonathan Edwards?

Important preacher of the Great Awakening.

Who was George Whitefield?

Traveling evangelist who spread Great Awakening ideas.

Why was the Great Awakening significant?

It encouraged people to question authority and emphasized individual choice.

Why did Spain decline in the New World?

Economic problems, overextension, native resistance, and competition from rivals.

Where were major French settlements located?

Canada and Louisiana.

What advantages did the French have?

Native alliances and control of the fur trade.

Salutary Neglect

British policy of loosely enforcing colonial laws.

Tyranny

Abuse of governmental power.

Composite Culture

A culture formed from blending multiple cultural groups.

Mercantilism

The belief that national wealth depends on accumulating gold and maintaining a favorable trade balance.

Cause of the French and Indian War

Competition over the Ohio River Valley.

Why was Acadia important?

Strategic location and site of British removal of French settlers.

How did the French and Indian War affect George Washington?

Gained military experience and leadership lessons.

What was the Fort Duquesne debacle?

A British defeat caused by underestimating French and Native forces.

Treaty of Paris 1763

Britain gained French territory east of the Mississippi River; Spain gained Louisiana; Britain gained Florida.

What frustrations existed after the French and Indian War?

French resentment over losing territory and British debt from war expenses.

Major characteristics of Americanism

Self-government, economic opportunity, religious liberty, and representation.

What was the Stamp Act?

A tax on printed materials.

Virtual Representation

British belief that Parliament represented all subjects.

Geographic Representation

Colonial belief they needed elected representatives from their own colonies.

What caused repeal of the Stamp Act?

Colonial protests and boycotts.

What caused the Boston Massacre?

Tensions between colonists and British soldiers.

Was the Boston Massacre really a massacre?

Only five colonists were killed, but it became powerful propaganda.

Who used the Boston Massacre as propaganda?

Samuel Adams and Patriot leaders.

How is Thomas Jefferson connected to the Declaration of Independence?

Primary author.

What did the Declaration of Independence do?

Declared independence from Great Britain.

What did John Locke argue about government?

Government protects rights and can be overthrown if tyrannical.

Treaty of Paris 1783

Recognized American independence and established U.S. boundaries.

Critical Period

1781-1787 period under the Articles of Confederation.

Why was the Critical Period important?

Revealed weaknesses in the Articles of Confederation.

Two forms of U.S. government

Articles of Confederation and Constitution.

Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation

Could not tax, regulate trade, or effectively enforce laws.

Confederate System

A system where states retain most power.

What caused Shay's Rebellion?

Taxes and debt burdens on farmers.

Who was Daniel Shays?

Leader of Shay's Rebellion.

Who was James Bowdoin?

Governor of Massachusetts during Shay's Rebellion.

Why was Shay's Rebellion important?

Showed weakness of the Articles of Confederation.

When did the Constitutional Convention begin?

May 25, 1787.