KNES 323 Lab midterm 1

What is pulse pressure

Difference between SBP and DBP

MAP formula

MAP = 1/3 PP + DBP

What is the unit for flow rate and cardiac output

Volume per time

What is the unit for flow velocity

Distance per time

what is the formula for resistance

Pressure gradient/Flow

What is another formula for resistance

8nl/ pi r^4

Describe how a sphygmomanometer and stethoscope can be used to measure blood pressure

1. Place the cuff on the upperarm about an inch above elbow crease( ensure it is the correct size, remove clothing)

2. Inflate the cuff until pressure is above the estimated SBP

3. Place the stethoscope on the brachial artery

4. Slowly release the pressure 2-3mmHg per second

5. When the first pulse is heard, mark the pressure at which it was heard as SBP

6. Release pressure more slowly

7. when pulse is no longer heard, mark the pressure at which it wasn’t heard as DBP

Explain the effect of arm postition during measurement

If arm is raised, gravity pulls blood down, reducing hydrostatic pressure in the arm. DBP and SBP will be lower than normal

If arm is hanging down, because gravity pulls blood down, it increases hydrostatic pressure in the arm and measures will be higher than normal

Diabetes mellitus

High glucose

starvation

high ketone

Urinary tract infection

High nitrate and leukocytes

High urine protein

Glomerular damage, nephrotic syndrome

Low urine specific gravity

Diabetes mellitus, high fluid intake, chronic renal disease

Bilirubin

Hepatitis, gallstones, cirrhosis

Blood

glomerulonephritis, kidney stones, tumours, infections

Urobilinogen

Hemolysis, cirrhosis, hepatitis