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Graph of Immigration to the United States (1870-1900)

Which of the following best accounts for the curve on the graph above depicting immigration to the United States

from Asia, Africa and the Americas between 1882 and 1900?

(A) Rapid expansion of the British Empire into the Southern Hemisphere

(B) Restrictive congressional legislation

(D) Improved worldwide economic conditions

(E) Reduction of potential immigrant populations by widespread epidemics

(B) Restrictive congressional legislation

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“To turn the administration of our civic affairs wholly over to men may mean that the American city will continue to push

forward in its commercial and industrial development, and continue to lag behind in those things which make a city

healthful and beautiful. . . . If women have in any sense been responsible for the gentler side of life which softens and

blurs some of its harsher conditions, may they not have a duty to perform in our American cities? . . . [I]f woman would

fulfill her traditional responsibility to her own children; if she would educate and protect from danger factory children

who must find their recreation on the street . . . then she must bring herself to the use of the ballot—that latest implement

for self-government.”

Jane Addams, “Why Women Should Vote,” Ladies’ Home Journal, 1910

2. Which of the following would have been most likely to support the sentiments expressed by Addams in the excerpt?

(A) Know-Nothings

(B) Machine politicians

(D) Settlement house workers

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“Formerly the individual was the pioneer of civilization; now, the railroad is the pioneer, and the individual follows, or is

only slightly in advance. . . . The wild roses are blooming today, and the sod is yet unturned . . . where, in a year or two

will be heard the screech of the locomotive and the tramp of the approaching legions, another year will bring the

beginning of the change; towns and cities will spring into existence, and the steam whistle and the noise of saws and

hammers, and the click and clatter of machinery, the sound of industry will be heard. The prairies will be golden with the

ripening harvest, and the field and the forest, the mine and the river, will all yield their abundance to the ever growing

multitude.”

George A. Batchelder, A Sketch of the History and Resources of Dakota Territory, 1870

3. Which of the following contributed most to the process described in the excerpt?

(A) The industrialization of urban areas in the Northeast

(B) The building of new roads and canals

(D) Legislation that facilitated the distribution of western land

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“Formerly the individual was the pioneer of civilization; now, the railroad is the pioneer, and the individual follows, or is

only slightly in advance. . . . The wild roses are blooming today, and the sod is yet unturned . . . where, in a year or two

will be heard the screech of the locomotive and the tramp of the approaching legions, another year will bring the

beginning of the change; towns and cities will spring into existence, and the steam whistle and the noise of saws and

hammers, and the click and clatter of machinery, the sound of industry will be heard. The prairies will be golden with the

ripening harvest, and the field and the forest, the mine and the river, will all yield their abundance to the ever growing

multitude.”

George A. Batchelder, A Sketch of the History and Resources of Dakota Territory, 1870

The settlement pattern described in the excerpt was most similar to earlier settlement patterns in that it was

(A) discouraged by the federal government through legislation

(B) motivated largely by the desire to expand Protestant Christianity

(D) the source of political divisions over the expansion of slavery

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“Formerly the individual was the pioneer of civilization; now, the railroad is the pioneer, and the individual follows, or is

only slightly in advance. . . . The wild roses are blooming today, and the sod is yet unturned . . . where, in a year or two

will be heard the screech of the locomotive and the tramp of the approaching legions, another year will bring the

beginning of the change; towns and cities will spring into existence, and the steam whistle and the noise of saws and

hammers, and the click and clatter of machinery, the sound of industry will be heard. The prairies will be golden with the

ripening harvest, and the field and the forest, the mine and the river, will all yield their abundance to the ever growing

multitude.”

George A. Batchelder, A Sketch of the History and Resources of Dakota Territory, 1870

Which of the following was a long-term result of the developments described in the excerpt?

(A) The growth of political tensions between the United States and Mexico

(B) A conflict with Great Britain over the northern border of the United States

(D) The creation of farmers’ groups to resist corporate control of agricultural markets

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Picture of William M. “Boss"Boss" Tweed: "As long as I count the votes, what are you going to do about it?"

Which of the following changes to the United States during the nineteenth century most directly contributed to the

development depicted in the image?

(A) The rapid growth of cities

(B) The dismantling of the national bank

(D) The rise of the People’s (Populist) Party

(A) The rapid growth of cities

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Picture of William M. “Boss"Boss" Tweed: "As long as I count the votes, what are you going to do about it?"

The image was created most directly in response to

(A) social reform efforts by settlement-house workers

(B) poll taxes and literacy tests that blocked African Americans from voting

(D) the exclusion of women from voting

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“We have conquered many of the neighboring tribes of Indians, but we have never thought of holding them in

subjection—never of incorporating them into our Union....To incorporate Mexico, would be the very first instance of the

kind of incorporating an Indian race; for more than half of the Mexicans are Indians, and the other is composed chiefly of

mixed tribes.... Ours, sir, is the Government of a white race.... [I]t is professed and talked about to erect these Mexicans

into a Territorial Government, and place them on an equality with the people of the United States. I protest utterly against

such a project.”

Senator John C. Calhoun, “Conquest of Mexico” speech, 1848

8. Which of the following events best represents a continuity of the sentiments expressed by Senator Calhoun in the

speech?

(A) The United States rejection of membership in the League of Nations

(B) Support for assimilationist policies in the 1880s and 1890s

(D) The Great Migration of African Americans out of the South in the 1910s

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“There remains, then, only one mode of using great fortunes; but in this we have the true antidote for the temporary

unequal distribution of wealth, the reconciliation of the rich and the poor—a reign of harmony.... Under its sway we shall

have an ideal state, in which the surplus wealth of the few will become, in the best sense, the property of the many,

because administered for the common good, and this wealth, passing through the hands of the few, can be made a much

more potent force for the elevation of our race than if it had been distributed in small sums to the people themselves. Even

the poorest can be made to see this, and to agree that great sums gathered by some of their fellow-citizens and spent for

public purposes, from which the masses reap the principal benefit, are more valuable to them than if scattered among them

through the course of many years in trifling amounts.”

Andrew Carnegie, “Wealth,” 1889

9. The “temporary unequal distribution of wealth” that Carnegie refers to in the excerpt resulted most directly from the

(A) growth of cities in both size and number

(B) consolidation of corporations into trusts and holding companies

(D) government policy of reducing tariffs to promote free trade

(B) consolidation of corporations into trusts and holding companies

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“There remains, then, only one mode of using great fortunes; but in this we have the true antidote for the temporary

unequal distribution of wealth, the reconciliation of the rich and the poor—a reign of harmony.... Under its sway we shall

have an ideal state, in which the surplus wealth of the few will become, in the best sense, the property of the many,

because administered for the common good, and this wealth, passing through the hands of the few, can be made a much

more potent force for the elevation of our race than if it had been distributed in small sums to the people themselves. Even

the poorest can be made to see this, and to agree that great sums gathered by some of their fellow-citizens and spent for

public purposes, from which the masses reap the principal benefit, are more valuable to them than if scattered among them

through the course of many years in trifling amounts.”

Andrew Carnegie, “Wealth,” 1889

Which of the following policies would Carnegie most likely have supported?

(A) The use of federal power to redistribute wealth

(B) Government creation of jobs for unemployed people

(D) Laissez-faire economics

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“Competition is a law of nature . . . and can no more be done away with than gravitation. . . . [I]f we do not like

survival of the fittest, we have only one possible alternative, survival of the unfittest. The former is the law of

civilization, the latter is the law of anti-civilization.”

The quote above is an example of which of the following schools of thought?

(A) Dialectical materialism

(B) Utopian socialism

(D) Transcendentalism

(E) Existentialism

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“Every contract, combination in form of trust or

otherwise, or conspiracy, in restraint of trade or

commerce in any territory of the United States . . .

is hereby declared illegal.”

The passage above was most effectively used for

which purpose in the late nineteenth century?

(A) Supporting the goals of Social Darwinists

(B) Restricting the power of monopolies and trusts

(D) Regulating railroads and grain storage silos

(E) Upholding the powers of the Interstate Commerce Act

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“If they dare to come out in the open field and defend the gold standard as a good thing, we will fight them to the

uttermost. Having behind us the producing masses of this nation and the world, supported by the commercial

interests, the laboring interests, and the toilers everywhere, we will answer their demand for a gold standard by

saying to them: You shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns; you shall not crucify

mankind upon a cross of gold.”

William Jennings Bryan, 1896

Which of the following groups would most likely agree with the quote above?

(A) Urban workers

(B) Railroad executives

(D) Midwestern farmers

(E) White-collar and professional workers

(D) Midwestern farmers

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“The Negro race, like all races, is going to be saved by its exceptional men. The problem of education, then, among

Negroes must first of all deal with the Talented Tenth; it is the problem of developing the Best of this race that they may

guide the Mass away from the contamination and death of the Worst, in their own and other races. Now the training of

men is a difficult and intricate task. Its technique is a matter for educational experts, but its object is for the vision of

seers. If we make money the object of man-training, we shall develop money-makers but not necessarily men; if we make

technical skill the object of education, we may possess artisans but not, in nature, men. Men we shall have only as we

make manhood the object of the work of the schools—intelligence, broad sympathy, knowledge of the world that was and

is, and of the relation of men to it.”

W. E. B. Du Bois, “The Talented Tenth,” 1903

14. The perspective expressed in the excerpt most directly supported the national expansion of

(A) vocational job training

(B) financial aid for college

(D) access to higher education

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“This, then, is held to be the duty of the man of wealth: to consider all surplus revenues which come to him simply

as trust funds, which he is called upon to administer and strictly bound as a matter of duty to administer in the

manner which, in his judgment, is best calculated to produce the most beneficial results for the community—the

man of wealth thus becoming the mere agent and trustee for his poorer brethren.’’

These sentiments are most characteristic of

(A) transcendentalism

(B) pragmatism

(D) the Social Gospel

(E) Reform Darwinism

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“Another marked characteristic of the Anglo-Saxon is what may be called an instinct or genius for colonizing. His

unequaled energy, his indomitable perseverance, and his personal independence, made him a pioneer. He excels all

others in pushing his way into new countries.”

Americans advocating the ideas expressed in the passage above would be most accurately described as

(A) transcendentalists

(B) Populists

(D) Social Darwinists

(E) Mugwumps

(D) Social Darwinists

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“So many people ask me what they shall do; so few tell me what they can do.Yet this is the pivot wherein all must turn.

“I believe that each of us who has his place to make should go where men are wanted, and where employment is not

bestowed as alms. Of course, I say to all who are in want of work, GoWest! . . .

“On the whole I say, stay where you are; do as well as you can; and devote every spare hour to making yourself familiar

with the conditions and dexterity required for the efficient conservation of out-door industry in a new country. Having

mastered these, gather up your family and GoWest!”

Horace Greeley, editor of the New York Tribune, letter to R. L. Sanderson, 1871

17. Which of the following most accurately describes a group who acted on ideas such as those in the excerpt?

(A) Business leaders planning to promote philanthropy

(B) Activists calling for preservation of the western wilderness

(D) Northern European immigrants pursuing mining, farming, and ranching

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“So many people ask me what they shall do; so few tell me what they can do.Yet this is the pivot wherein all must turn.

“I believe that each of us who has his place to make should go where men are wanted, and where employment is not

bestowed as alms. Of course, I say to all who are in want of work, GoWest! . . .

“On the whole I say, stay where you are; do as well as you can; and devote every spare hour to making yourself familiar

with the conditions and dexterity required for the efficient conservation of out-door industry in a new country. Having

mastered these, gather up your family and GoWest!”

Horace Greeley, editor of the New York Tribune, letter to R. L. Sanderson, 1871

The fulfillment of advice such as that in the excerpt most directly contributed to which of the following in the late

nineteenth century?

(A) The economic decline and depopulation of eastern cities

(B) Competition for resources among White settlers and American Indians

(D) Restrictions on immigration from eastern and southern Europe

(B) Competition for resources among White settlers and American Indians

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1908 photograph by Lewis Hine of Sadie Pfeifer, one of many children working in a South Carolina cotton mill

The conditions shown in the photograph emerged most directly as a result of which of the following?

(A) Overpopulation that forced farming families to migrate to urban centers

(B) The movement to promote child labor to instill values of hard work and frugality

(D) The need for increased family income during the Great Depression

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“In August 1865, the photographer Marcus Ormsbee... took a formal portrait of several groups of craft workers in their

different shops.... At the center of the photograph, at Outcault’s carpentry shop, stands the conventional artisan trio of

master, journeyman, and apprentice, still at the heart of the city’s workshop world—yet class differences mark these

craftsmen’s every feature.... Brooding above everyone, a new brick manufactory seals off its employees from the street

and from public view. Small shop and large enterprise converge; New York remains a blend of old and new.”

Sean Wilentz, historian, Chants Democratic, 1984

Which of the following most directly led to the changes described in the excerpt?

(A) Innovative uses of photography to achieve social change

(B) Technological innovations in the production of goods

(D) The end of the apprenticeship system in craft work

(B) Technological innovations in the production of goods

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“In August 1865, the photographer Marcus Ormsbee... took a formal portrait of several groups of craft workers in their

different shops.... At the center of the photograph, at Outcault’s carpentry shop, stands the conventional artisan trio of

master, journeyman, and apprentice, still at the heart of the city’s workshop world—yet class differences mark these

craftsmen’s every feature.... Brooding above everyone, a new brick manufactory seals off its employees from the street

and from public view. Small shop and large enterprise converge; New York remains a blend of old and new.”

Sean Wilentz, historian, Chants Democratic, 1984

Which of the following is one important continuity in urban life in the United States throughout the nineteenth

century?

(A) Anarchism and similar radical ideologies attracted many workers.

(B) Settlement houses assisted immigrants with adapting to life in the United States.

(D) Immigrants formed an important part of the manufacturing workforce.

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“In August 1865, the photographer Marcus Ormsbee... took a formal portrait of several groups of craft workers in their

different shops.... At the center of the photograph, at Outcault’s carpentry shop, stands the conventional artisan trio of

master, journeyman, and apprentice, still at the heart of the city’s workshop world—yet class differences mark these

craftsmen’s every feature.... Brooding above everyone, a new brick manufactory seals off its employees from the street

and from public view. Small shop and large enterprise converge; New York remains a blend of old and new.”

Sean Wilentz, historian, Chants Democratic, 1984

The conditions described in the excerpt most directly contributed to the

(A) decrease in tariffs for manufactured goods

(B) growth of an organized labor movement

(D) loss of class distinctions in the United States

(B) growth of an organized labor movement

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“Beginning in the 1930s and lasting into the 1940s, black Chicago experienced a cultural renaissance.... Chicago had

become a major destination for black southern migrants.... It was also an urban industrial center. This fact gave a unique

working-class and internationalist perspective to the cultural work that would take place there....

“A desire to live freely in ‘the metropolis’ continued to characterize the aspirations of migrants as second-wave Chicago

migrants arrived.... The 1930s and 1940s witnessed a resurgence of black working-class political radicalism that was

captured and reflected in the expressive visual and literary productions of Chicago Black Renaissance artists.”

Darlene Clark Hine, historian, The Black Chicago Renaissance, 2012

23. Before moving to Chicago, the people described in the excerpt most likely were engaged in which of the following?

(A) Sharecropping or tenant farming

(B) Gang labor on the railways

(D) Manufacturing in urban factories

(A) Sharecropping or tenant farming

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“As the early years at Hull House show, female participation in that area of reform grew out of a set of needs and values

peculiar to middle-class women in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. Settlement workers did not set out to

become reformers. They were rather women trying to fulfill existing social expectations for self-sacrificing female service

while at the same time satisfying their need for public recognition, authority, and independence. In the process of

attempting to weave together a life of service and professional accomplishment, they became reformers as the wider world

defined them.”

— Robyn Muncy, historian, Creating a Female Dominion in American Reform, 1890–1935, published in 1991

24. Settlement house work as described by Muncy had the most in common with women’s activism during which of the

following earlier periods?

(A) The Protestant evangelism of the mid-1700s

(B) The decade leading up to the American Revolution

(D) The Second Great Awakening in the first half of the 1800s

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“As the early years at Hull House show, female participation in that area of reform grew out of a set of needs and values

peculiar to middle-class women in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. Settlement workers did not set out to

become reformers. They were rather women trying to fulfill existing social expectations for self-sacrificing female service

while at the same time satisfying their need for public recognition, authority, and independence. In the process of

attempting to weave together a life of service and professional accomplishment, they became reformers as the wider world

defined them.”

— Robyn Muncy, historian, Creating a Female Dominion in American Reform, 1890–1935, published in 1991

Women working in settlement houses such as Hull House initially sought to help

(A) formerly enslaved men and women adjust to life after slavery

(B) immigrants adapt to American customs and language

(D) American Indians resist encroachment on their lands

(B) immigrants adapt to American customs and language

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“Americans faced an overwhelming task after the Civil War and emancipation: how to understand the tangled relationship

between two profound ideas—healing and justice.... [T]hese two aims never developed in historical balance. One might

conclude that this imbalance between outcomes of sectional healing and racial justice was simply America’s inevitable

historical condition....But theories of inevitability...are rarely satisfying.... The sectional reunion after so horrible a civil

war was a political triumph by the late nineteenth century, but it could not have been achieved without the resubjugation

of many of those people whom the war had freed from centuries of bondage. This is the tragedy lingering on the margins

and infesting the heart of American history from Appomattox to World War I.”

David W. Blight, historian, Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory, 2001

26. Which of the following most directly supports Blight’s argument in the excerpt?

(A) The Supreme Court decision in Plessy v. Ferguson

(B) The election of seventeen African Americans to Congress between 1869 and 1877

(D) The emergence of the first national civil rights organizations, such as the Afro-American League and the NAACP

(A) The Supreme Court decision in Plessy v. Ferguson

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“Probably no other individual [than Cornelius Vanderbilt, 1794–1877] made an equal impact over such an extended

period on America’s economy and society. . . . He vastly improved and expanded the nation’s transportation

infrastructure, contributing to a transformation of the very geography of the United States. . . . Far ahead of many of his

peers, he grasped one of the great changes in American culture: the abstraction of economic reality, as the connection

faded between the tangible world and the new devices of business, such as paper currency, corporations, and securities. . .

. One person cannot move the national economy single-handedly—but no one else kept his hands on the lever for so long

or pushed so hard.”

T. J. Stiles, historian, The First Tycoon: The Epic Life of Cornelius Vanderbilt, 2009

Which of the following developments in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries most directly represented a

continuation of the pattern described in the excerpt?

(A) The growth of international immigration to the United States

(B) The expansion of sharecropping and tenant farming in the South

(D) The organization of workers into local and national unions

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“Probably no other individual [than Cornelius Vanderbilt, 1794–1877] made an equal impact over such an extended

period on America’s economy and society. . . . He vastly improved and expanded the nation’s transportation

infrastructure, contributing to a transformation of the very geography of the United States. . . . Far ahead of many of his

peers, he grasped one of the great changes in American culture: the abstraction of economic reality, as the connection

faded between the tangible world and the new devices of business, such as paper currency, corporations, and securities. . .

. One person cannot move the national economy single-handedly—but no one else kept his hands on the lever for so long

or pushed so hard.”

T. J. Stiles, historian, The First Tycoon: The Epic Life of Cornelius Vanderbilt, 2009

Which of the following ideas was most often used to justify the success and wealth of those like Vanderbilt?

(A) The Social Gospel

(B) Social Darwinism

(D) Imperialism

(B) Social Darwinism

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Picture of Hot air baloon depicting the people party

The cartoonist most likely supported

(A) reform of local government

(B) women’s political equality

(D) government policies favoring corporations

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Picture of Hot air baloon depicting the people party

The People’s (Populist) Party emerged most directly in response to which of the following late-nineteenth-century

trends?

(A) The efforts of businesses to gain control over markets and resources abroad

(B) The influx of migrants from Asia and southern and eastern Europe

(D) The development of political machines

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Picture of Hot air baloon depicting the people party

The cartoon suggests that the disparate groups that favored the People’s (Populist) Party typically shared which of

the following?

(A) The idea that wealthy people had some obligation to help people living in poverty

(B) Belief in a stronger federal government role in the United States economic system

(D) Advocacy of individual rights

(B) Belief in a stronger federal government role in the United States economic system

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Picture of Hot air baloon depicting the people party

Which of the following groups would be most likely to support the Populist Party?

(A) Sharecroppers

(B) Industrialists

(D) Bankers

(A) Sharecroppers

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Graph of Immigration to the united states by decade 1821-1910

Which of the following most directly contributed to the overall trend depicted in the graph?

(A) Global fluctuations in credit and stock markets

(B) The transformation of the United States into an industrial society

(D) The outbreak of global war

(B) The transformation of the United States into an industrial society

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Graph of Immigration to the united states by decade 1821-1910

The majority of immigrants who arrived in the United States between 1821 and 1880 settled in the

(A) West and Midwest

(B) South and Midwest

(D) Midwest and Northeast

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“The Erie Canal poured into New York City [wealth] far exceeding that which its early friends predicted. . . . In the city,

merchants, bankers, warehousemen, [and] shippers . . . seized the opportunity to perfect and specialize their services,

fostering round after round of business innovations that within a decade of the opening of the Erie Canal had made New

York by far the best place in America to engage in commerce. . . .

“. . . Even before its economic benefits were realized fully, rival seaports with hopes of tapping interior trade began to

imagine dreadful prospects of permanent eclipse. Whatever spirit of mutual good feeling and national welfare once

greeted [internal improvements] now disappeared behind desperate efforts in cities . . . to create for themselves a

westward connection.”

John Lauritz Larson, historian, Internal Improvement: National Public Works and the Promise of Popular Government in the Early United States,

2001

35. Which of the following later developments had an effect most similar to that described in the excerpt?

(A) The invention of the mechanical reaper in the 1830s

(B) The annexation of Texas in the 1840s

(D) The completion of the first transcontinental railroad in the 1860s

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“Money is power, and you ought to be reasonably

ambitious to have it. You ought because you can do

more good with it than you could without it. Money

printed your Bible, money builds your churches. . . .

The man who gets the largest salary can do the most

good with the power that is furnished to him. Of course

he can if his spirit be right to use it for what it is given

to him. I say, then, you ought to have money.”

The quotation above is an example of

(A) transcendentalism

(B) existentialism

(D) The Social Gospel

(E) Reform Darwinism

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PLATFORM

First. – That the union of the labor forces of the

United States this day consummated shall be

permanent and perpetual.

Second. – Wealth belongs to him who creates it. . . .

The interests of rural and civil labor are the same;

their enemies are identical. . . .

1. We demand free and unlimited coinage of silver

and gold at the present legal ratio of 16 to 1. . . .

3. We demand a graduated income tax. . . .

RESOLVED, That we demand a free ballot and a fair

count in all elections . . . through the adoption of

the Australian or secret ballot system.

The excerpts above appeared in the platform of which of the following political parties?

(A) American Party

(B) Greenback Labor Party

(D) Socialist Party

(E) Progressive Party

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“We demand a graduated income tax. . . . Transportation being a means of exchange and a public necessity, the

government should own and operate the railroads. . . . The land, including all the natural sources of wealth, is the heritage

of the people, and should not be monopolized for speculative purposes, and alien ownership of land should be

prohibited.... [W]e demand a free ballot and a fair count . . . to every legal voter.... [W]e favor a constitutional provision

limiting the office of President and Vice-President to one term, and providing for the election of Senators of the United

States by a direct vote of the people.”

People’s (Populist) Party platform, 1892

38. Activists formed the Populist Party most directly in response to the

(A) growth of corporate power in agriculture and economic instability in farming

(B) emergence of concerns about abuses of the environment

(D) rise of monopolies and reduction of wages for industrial workers

(A) growth of corporate power in agriculture and economic instability in farming

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“We demand a graduated income tax. . . . Transportation being a means of exchange and a public necessity, the

government should own and operate the railroads. . . . The land, including all the natural sources of wealth, is the heritage

of the people, and should not be monopolized for speculative purposes, and alien ownership of land should be

prohibited.... [W]e demand a free ballot and a fair count . . . to every legal voter.... [W]e favor a constitutional provision

limiting the office of President and Vice-President to one term, and providing for the election of Senators of the United

States by a direct vote of the people.”

People’s (Populist) Party platform, 1892

Which of the following best describes the overarching goals of the Populist Party in the late nineteenth century?

(A) Establishment of a transcontinental network of trains and the improvement of roads in the western

United States

(B) Expansion of United States influence in Central America and access to new international markets

(D) Cooperative democracy and a stronger governmental role in the economic system

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“We are just now making a great pretense of anxiety to civilize the [American] Indians. . . . As we have taken into our

national family seven millions of Negroes . . . it would seem that the time may have arrived when we can very properly

make at least the attempt to assimilate our two hundred and fifty thousand Indians. . . .

“The school at Carlisle is an attempt on the part of the government to do this. . . . Carlisle fills young Indians with the

spirit of loyalty to the stars and stripes, and then moves them out into our communities to show by their conduct and

ability that the Indian is no different from the white or the colored, that he has the inalienable right to liberty and

opportunity that the white and the negro have.”

Richard H. Pratt, founder, Carlisle Indian Industrial School, “The Advantages of Mingling Indians with Whites,” 1892

Pratt’s arguments in the excerpt in support of his school for American Indians had most in common with the

arguments of which of the following groups?

(A) Business leaders in the later 1800s who maintained that laissez-faire policies would best encourage

economic growth

(B) Some social reformers in the later 1800s who founded settlement houses for newly arrived immigrants

(D) Anti-imperialists in the early 1900s who opposed United States governance of non-White peoples

overseas

(B) Some social reformers in the later 1800s who founded settlement houses for newly arrived immigrants

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“We are just now making a great pretense of anxiety to civilize the [American] Indians. . . . As we have taken into our

national family seven millions of Negroes . . . it would seem that the time may have arrived when we can very properly

make at least the attempt to assimilate our two hundred and fifty thousand Indians. . . .

“The school at Carlisle is an attempt on the part of the government to do this. . . . Carlisle fills young Indians with the

spirit of loyalty to the stars and stripes, and then moves them out into our communities to show by their conduct and

ability that the Indian is no different from the white or the colored, that he has the inalienable right to liberty and

opportunity that the white and the negro have.”

Richard H. Pratt, founder, Carlisle Indian Industrial School, “The Advantages of Mingling Indians with Whites,” 1892

Many American Indians of the 1890s responded to policies such as those of the Carlisle Indian Industrial School by

(A) creating new political organizations

(B) migrating to unsettled territories

(D) seeking to preserve their cultural and tribal identities

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Picture depicting people holding up the barrons of wealth

Which of the following arguments did some late-nineteenth-century leaders use to justify the situation depicted in

the image?

(A) The federal government provided social welfare services for people living in poverty.

(B) Immigrant workers contributed to economic growth in the United States.

(D) The reliance on male laborers protected women from the dangers of factory work.

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Picture depicting people holding up the barrons of wealth

The situation depicted in the image contributed most immediately to

(A) the organization of new labor unions to confront managerial power

(B) businesses seeking control over markets and resources outside the United States

(D) the creation of a federal agency to regulate the money supply

(A) the organization of new labor unions to confront managerial power

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Picture depicting people holding up the barrons of wealth

The image was created most directly in response to the

(A) provision of government subsidies for transportation

(B) rampant consumerism of the middle class

(D) consolidation of corporations into trusts and holding companies

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Picture depicting people holding up the barrons of wealth

Which of the following most directly affected the lives of the late-nineteenth-century workers?

(A) Widespread movement to suburban neighborhoods

(B) Groups that advocated for women’s voting rights

(D) Political machines that provided social services in exchange for votes

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“Yet, after all our years of toil and privation, dangers and hardships upon the ... frontier, monopoly is taking our homes

from us by an infamous system of mortgage foreclosure, the most infamous that has ever disgraced the statutes of a

civilized nation. ... How did it happen? The government, at the bid of Wall Street, repudiated its contracts with the people;

the circulating medium was contracted. ... As Senator Plumb [of Kansas] tells us, ‘Our debts were increased, while the

means to pay them was decreased.’ [A]s grand Senator ... Stewart [of Nevada] puts it, ‘For twenty years the market value

of the dollar has gone up and the market value of labor has gone down, till today the American laborer, in bitterness and

wrath, asks which is the worst: the black slavery that has gone or the white slavery that has come?’”

— Mary Elizabeth Lease, speech to the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union, 1890

People who agreed with the argument made in the speech would most likely have recommended which of the

following solutions?

(A) Separate but equal segregated facilities to increase job opportunities for white workers

(B) Continuation of the gold standard as the basis for money

(D) A stronger government role in the economic system