BIOLEC ABERYA SUMMATIVE EXAM NUCLEIC

Nucleic acids, genomic information

Large biomolecules that involve storage and expression of -

Deoxyribonucleic

There are two types of nucleic acids

Nucleotide monomers

Both of which contain are unbrached polymers of repeating -

1. Nitrogen containing base

2. Sugar

3. Phosphate group

The general structure of a nucleotide includes a

Nitrogenous base

1st prime in sugar may naka attach na?

Bases

Derivatives of heterocyclic amines: purine and pyrimidine

Heterocyclic amine, purine, pyrimidine

Yung nitrogenous base nayon ay?

Purine

It has two rings

Cytosine, thymine

Pyrimidines include:

Adenine and guanine

Purines include

Cytosin

Thymine

Adenine

Guanine

Thymosine, uracil

Bases in DNA and RNA are almost the same but in the pyrimidin part - from dna turns to - in rna

Uracil

1 prime

Those bases are attached in the - of a sugar

Ribose

The pentose sugar for RNA is -

Sugar moiety

Deoxyribose

The pentose sugar for DNA is -

Ribose in rna

Deoxyribose in DNA

Nucleoside

Pag pinagsama sugar + base you'll have -

B-N-Glycosidic bond, sugar, Nucleoside

Composed of nitrogen-containing base linked by -to C1' of -

Condensation, h2o

In nucleoside for sugar and base to mix together the process would be - which will form -

Nucleoside + phosphate, nucleotide

-+- group attached to -OH of C5 via phosphoester bind

Technically 2 because phosphoester and the condensation base thingy earlier

How many moles of water are liberated upon form hshs of a nucleotide

Osine

The name of a nucleoside that contains a purine ends with -

Idine

The name of a nucleoside that contains a pyrimidine ends with -

Deoxy

The names of DNA nucleosides add - to the beginning of their names

monophosphate

The corresponding nucleotides in RNA and DNA are named by adding - to the end of the nucleoside name.

Primary structure of nucleic acids

The order of bases in a nucleotide sequence

Primary structure of nucleic acids

Carries the genetic information

5prime to 3prime

Read from the free - phosphate to the free -OH group

Sugar Phosphate Backbone

Joined by phosphodiester bonds

Only the sugar and phosphate

What makes up the backbone of nucleic acid?

Double helix

The 3d structure of a dna is a - structure

Antiparallel

The strands of a 3d dna structure is - to each other

Complementary

The bases of a 3d structure of a dna is -

Hydrogen Bonding

The 3d sturcure of a dna is held by -

Minor and major

The 3d structure of a dna has - and - grooves

Right

The 3d structure of a dna is - handed

A - T (u) if rna

G - C

Complementary eme

Hydrogen

Double helix is held together by - bonding

2

3

A - T how many h bonding

G - C how many h bonding

Sugar Phosphate

Phosphodiester bond can be seen in -

2 jydrogen bond

Adenine is linked together by - to thymine

5’-phosphate group of one nucleotide and 3’-oh of the other

Which of the following structural features are involved in the formatiin of phosphodiester bonds between two nucleotides

3 hydrogen bonding

Guanine is linked by - to cytosine

2’ deoxyguanosinw 5’ diphosphate

What is the name of the nucleotide that has guanine, teo phosphate group, a pentose and js found kn DNA molecule

Chargaff’s rule

Adenine paired with Thymine (1:1)

Guanine paired with Cytosine (1:1)

Chargaff's rule

# of Purines = # of Pyrimidines

30-30-20-20

How many percent of base percentage dna does

A

T

G

C

T C A G G T T A G

Give me the hoe of this seauence

A G T C C A A T C

15%

In a double-stranded DNA molecule, if the percentage of guanine (G) is found to be 35%, what would be the percentage of thymine (T)?

For a and b they're like Right Handed

Z it's a faggot to it's left handed

What type of hand does A B AND Z form has

A = 2.6 armstrong

B = 3.4 armstrong

C = 3.7 armstrong

Now what's the helix base per turn of A B C form

A = 11

B = 10.5

C = 12

Now what's the bade pairs per hexical then of A B C

Native structure

Heat

Single stranded

Renaturation, native structure

DNA denaturation tinatanggal lang ang - niya

If u add - masiira sya

Pag nag add more heat magiging - nalang

If pinalamig babalik ang - nya period

Nucleosome, chromatin, chromatin cooling (somatoid strycture), chromosome

Super coiling of DNA

Ang alam natin ang DNA ay double helix structure but hindi lang naman yan nakalutang lutang as a double helix

Naka package pa ang nga DNA sa mga -

One nucleosome, histone , positively charged (histidine arginine lysosome HRK), octamer, h1 histone

From doubles helix you'll have - which is magwra wrap sa protein called -

Dba sugar phosphate Backbone na is negatively charged therefore the histone which is positively charge is nagwrap. Maraming - charged na amino acids sa histone which are -

Histone is also an -

- is the clipper once naka wrap na sa octamer ng histone

Nucleosome

- is dna na nakawrap around a histone

Linker DNA, 54 BASE PAIRS, chromatosome

Na nucleosome dba may nakaconnect pa na DNA dyan which is called a - which has - then ayun nga another nucleosome linker nucleosome boabla

Beads on a string tawag dun. Eto yung - basically letche

Solenoid structure, scaffold protein, chromatid, chromosome

- is even more packaging and in here - are used

They just aid in packaging

So you'll have solenoid structure muna and then the even more coiling to a - then to a -

2.00

- ratio is very very pure dna

DNA replication, seperate

The strands in the original or parent DNA molecule - to allow the synthesis of complementary DNA strands.

DNA replication

Semi-conservative

DNA replication

Bidirectional

DNA replication

Synthesize only in 5 → ' 3' direction

Nucleus

DNA, TRANSCRIPTION happens in the -

Cytosil

Replication happens in the -

Leading, lagging

Bi directional meaning we have - strand and - strand

Origin of replication

DNA starts to unwind, separate strands, and gets synthesized at -

Prokaryotes

- have a single origin of replication

Eukaryotes

- have multiple origin of replication

Topoisomerase

- is a protein that removes/reduces the torsional strain yung paikot ng DNA helix

Helicase

It cuts the interaction, aka, hydrogen bonding sa dna helix

Single strand binding protein

Stabilizes the single strand dna for it to not join again

DNA primase

It adds the primer

DNA polymerase

What would thn act after the primer is the -, which will syntheize or elongate

Okazaki fragment

Presence ng mga putol especially in the lagging strand is what we call the

DNA ligase

The one who seals the putol or butas is called the

Type I Topoisomerase

Eukaryotes) does not use ATP

Type II Topoisomerase

(Prokaryotes) uses ATP

DNA polyemerase i or iii

have a proofreading function

3 prime to 5 prime

Exonuclease activity - - -

DNA polymerase I

removes RNA primers and replaces it with deoxynucleotide

5 prime to 3 prime

Exonuclease activity - - -

Dna ligase

seals the nicks in the fragments

Tus protein

Protein that terminates, termination region, stop replication , for prokaryotes

Telomeres

Noncoding sequence at the end of linear DNA

Telomeres

Protect terminal regions of chromosomal DNA from degradation

Telomeres

Hexameric repeats of TTAGGG

Overhang

May portion na hindi napaparisan which is called

Senescence

the gradual deterioration of functional characteristics in living organisms as they age

Hayflick limit

the number of times a normal, differentiated human somatic cell population will divide before cell division stops and the cells enter an irreversible state called cellular senescence

Telomeres shorten

human somatic cells

Germ cell, stem cell, cancer ell

Telomeres do not shorten,

Telomere lengthening, telomerase

is the process of adding DNA sequences to the ends of chromosomes to prevent them from becoming too short.

Done by an enzyme called -.

Telomere shortening

is the gradual loss of DNA sequences at chromosome ends every time a cell divides.

Happens during repeated cell division.

Causes cells to age and eventually stop dividing.

Mismatch repair, mut proteins

Employs - to identify mismatched nucleotides