Metabolism and Cellular Processes

These flashcards cover key concepts related to metabolism, cellular respiration, photosynthesis, cell communication, and cell division, as outlined in the lecture notes.

Energy can exist in various states, such as and .

kinetic, potential

Most living systems derive their energy from __.

the sun or sunlight

The process that captures energy in living systems is __.

photosynthesis

Energy is related to the breaking and formation of __.

chemical bonds

The First and Second Laws of __ govern energy transformations.

Thermodynamics

In chemical reactions, free energy changes can indicate if a reaction is or .

endergonic, exergonic

Activation energy is defined as the energy required to initiate a __.

chemical reaction

__ are substances that increase the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed.

Catalysts

ATP stands for __ and is crucial for energy transfer in cells.

adenosine triphosphate

ATP hydrolysis releases energy that can be used for __ in cellular processes.

work

Metabolism consists of and reactions.

anabolic, catabolic

Cellular respiration involves the __ oxidation of glucose.

complete

In respiration, energy is harvested in __ rather than in a single step to prevent rash releases of energy.

steps

The final electron acceptor determines the type of set of respiration, categorized into aerobic, anaerobic, and __.

fermentation

Important electron carriers in cellular respiration include and .

NAD+, FAD+

The stages of cellular respiration include glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, citric acid cycle, and the __.

electron transport chain

The energy produced from one molecule of glucose is primarily from __.

oxidative phosphorylation

Photosynthesis includes two sets of reactions: light-dependent reactions and __ reactions.

light-independent

Photosystems harvest energy through __ and its structure plays a crucial role in this process.

light absorption

The Calvin cycle is essential for __ fixation and produces molecules like G3P.

carbon

In the process of signal transduction, receptor proteins bind to __.

ligands

The four mechanisms of cell communication include direct contact, paracrine, endocrine, and __.

synaptic

G-protein coupled receptors are important in signal transduction and can influence protein activity by or a phosphate group.

adding, removing

During cell division, a __ is formed that splits the original cell into two identical daughter cells.

septum

Eukaryotic cell division involves chromosomes that go from to during the process.

chromatin, chromosomes

Sister chromatids separate during which phase of mitosis? __

anaphase

The phases of the cell cycle include interphase and __ phase.

M