BIOL 171 Exam 3

Fluid-mosaic model

widely accepted model of movable membrane

Phospholipid bilayer

All biological membranes are based on what structure?

Integral/Intrinsic and Peripheral/Extrinsic

What are the two types of proteins within a membrane

fluidity

Length of fatty acids, cholesterol, and double bonds within fatty acid tails determine what factor of a membrane?

individual rotation and lateral movement within a leaflet

Describe types of lipid movement that do not require energy

leaflet

What is one layer in a phospholipid bilayer called?

Flip-flop

What type of lipid movement requires energy?

flippase

What enzyme is used to perform flip-flop?

Integral/Intrinsic

What kind of trans-membrane proteins are lipid-anchored?

Peripheral/Extrinsic

What type of proteins are non-covalently bonded to a membrane’s surface?

Glycosylation

What is the term for the process in which carbohydrates are added into a membrane?

Glycolipid

term for a carbohydrate attached to a lipid

Glycoprotein

Term for a carbohydrate attached to a protein

N-Linked Glycoprotein

Term for a carbohydrate linked to the Nitrogen of an asparagine amino acid

O-linked Glycoprotein

Term for a carbohydrate linked to the Oxygen of a serine or threonine amino acid

Rough ER or Golgi

Where is the amino acid asparagine found?

Golgi

Where are the amino acids serine or threonine found?

Passive, active, osmosis

What are the main types of membrane transport?

Simple and facilitated

What are the types of passive transport?

Passive

What type of membrane transport does not require energy and moves molecules with a gradient?

Simple diffusion

What type of passive transport does not require a transport protein?

Facilitated diffusion

What type of passive transport requires a transport protein?

Active

What type of membrane transport requires energy and moves molecules against a gradient?

Osmosis

What type of membrane transport involves the movement of water from low to high solute concentration?

Isotonic

What is the term to describe a solution with equal solute concentrations on both sides of the membrane?

Hypertonic

What is the term used to describe a solution where the solute concentration is higher than the water concentration on one side of a membrane?

Hypotonic

What is the term used to describe a solution where the solute concentration is lower than the water concentration on one side of a membrane?

Turgor Pressure

What is the term for the force that pushes the plasma membrane against the cell wall?

Plasmolysis

What is the term for water leaving plant cells (causes wilting)?

Transport proteins

What is the term for the passageways within a membrane for ions and hydrophilic molecules?

Channels

What is the term for transport proteins that form passageways for diffusion and are often gated?

Transporters

What is the term for transport proteins often called “carriers” that transport solutes and organic molecules?

Uniporter

What type of transporter moves a single molecule/ion at a time?

Symporter

What type of transporter moves 2 or more molecules/ions at a time in the same direction?

Antiporter

What type of transporter moves 2 or more molecules/ions at a time in opposite directions?

2 K+ in

Describe the movement of Potassium in the Sodium Potassium Pump

3 Na+ out

Describe the movement of Sodium in the Sodium Potassium Pump

Na+/K+-ATPase

The Sodium Potassium pump is also known as _________

Exocytosis

What is the term for the process in which larger molecules are packaged into vesicles and excreted into the extracellular environment?

Endocytosis

What is the term for the process in which larger molecules are brought into the cell through the use of vesicles?

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

What type of endocytosis is triggered by specific molecules in the plasma membrane?

Pinocytosis

What type of endocytosis brings in non-specific molecules found in the extracellular environment by “drinking” or “gulping”?

Phagocytosis

What type of endocytosis occurs when a cell traps another cell within a vesicle?

Catalyst

What is the term for a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction and is not consumed?

Enzyme

What is the term for a protein catalyst?

Ribozyme

What is the term for an RNA catalyst?

Activation energy

What is the term for the initial input of energy to start a reaction?

heat

What is the common method for overcoming activation energy in a lab setting?

active site

What is the term for the location on an enzyme where the substrate binds?

substrate

What is the term for the reactants that bind to an enzyme’s active site?

lower activation energy

How do enzymes speed up reactions?

proteins

What are enzymes made of?

Saturation

What is the term for the upper limit of reaction speed reached by a high level of substrate?

maximum velocity

What is V_max?

substrate concentration at half maximum velocity

What is K_m?

Km

What term is also known as the Michaelis constant and has an inverse relationship to the affinity of an enzyme and substrate?

Active site

Where do competitive inhibitors bind?

increases

Describe the effect of competitive inhibitors on K_m

stays constant

Describe the effect of competitive inhibitors on V_max

Allosteric site

Where do non-competitive inhibitors bind?

changes shape

Describe the effect of a non-competitive inhibitor on the active site of an enzyme

decreases

Describe the effect of non-competitive inhibitors on V_max

stays constant

Describe the effect of non-competitive inhibitors on K_m

cofactor

What is the term for a typically inorganic ion that temporarily binds to enzyme to assist in its function?

coenzyme

What is the term for an organic molecule that participates in an enzyme’s reaction but is left unchanged afterward?

Metabolic pathway

What is the term for a series of steps using enzymes to convert an initial substrate to a desired product?

Catabolic Pathway

What is the term for a metabolic pathway that uses hydrolysis to break bonds

Anabolic pathway

What is the term for a metabolic pathway that uses dehydration synthesis to build bonds

exergonic

What is the term that means energy is released?

endergonic

What is the term that means energy is required and consumed?

Energy

What is the term defined as the ability to promote change or do work?

Kinetic and Potential

What are the main types of energy?

Kinetic

What type of energy is associated with movement?

Potential

What type of energy is the result of structure or location?

Chemical

What type of potential energy is in molecular bonds?

Energy cannot be created or destroyed

What is the first law of thermodynamics?

Transfer of energy increases entropy

What is the second law of thermodynamics?

Entropy

What is the term defined as the measure of disorder?

direction

What does change in free energy determine?

heat

What is the most disordered form of energy?

Exergonic

Describe a reaction where the delta G is negative

Endergonic

Describe a reaction where the delta G is positive

Adenosine Triphosophate

What does ATP stand for?

Yes

Can a reaction with a negative delta G occur spontaneously?

No

Can a reaction with a positive delta G occur spontaneously?

-7.3

What is the delta G for the hydrolysis of ATP?

free energy change

What is delta G a measure of?

Catabolic

Describe the reactions that involve breakdown of reactants often used for recycling

Substrate-level phosphorylation

What method of making ATP involves an enzyme transferring a phosphate from one molecule to another?

Chemiosmosis

What method of making ATP uses energy stored in an electrochemical gradient to make ATP from ADP and P_i?

Substrate-level phosphorylation and Chemiosmosis

What are the two methods of making ATP?

Redox reaction

What is the process where an electron is transferred from one molecule to another?

Reduction

What is the term for the addition or gaining of electrons?

Oxidation

What is the term for the removal of electrons?

Anabolic

What kind of reactions are used to make large molecules?

Feedback inhibition

What is the term for when the product of a metabolic pathway is used to inhibit an early stage to prevent over-accumulation of the product?

aerobic

Describe a reaction that uses oxygen

glycolysis, breakdown of pyruvate, citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation

What are the 4 pathways of cellular respiration?

Energy investment, cleavage, energy liberation

What are the 3 stages of glycolysis?

2

How many ATP are used in the Energy Investment stage of glycolysis?