Quantitative Research: Characteristics, Variables, Topic Selection, and Titles

Vocabulary flashcards covering the key terms, variable classifications, topic selection steps, and title formulation guidelines in quantitative research.

Quantitative Research

The systematic empirical investigation of observable phenomena using statistical, mathematical, or computational techniques, characterized by numbers, logic, and an objective stance.

Objective

A characteristic of quantitative research indicating that findings and procedures are based on gathered evidence rather than guesses.

Structured Instruments

Standardized data collection tools used by quantitative researchers, including questionnaires, tests, rating scales, checklists, and measurement tools.

Generalizable

A feature of quantitative research where findings can describe the larger population, provided the sample is appropriately selected and representative.

Variable

A measurable characteristic that can change or vary.

Independent Variable

The variable that the researcher controls, manipulates, introduces, or uses to examine its possible effect or relationship with another variable; the possible cause or influencing factor.

Dependent Variable

The outcome or result that may change because of the independent variable and is measured in a research study.

Intervening Variable

An abstract, not directly observable process that links the independent and dependent variables, helping to explain how the effect happens in between the cause and result.

Moderator Variable

A factor that affects the relationship between the independent and dependent variables by changing how strong or weak that relationship is.

Control Variable

A factor deliberately kept constant, balanced, neutralized, or controlled by the researcher so that it does not unfairly affect the study's results.

Extraneous Variable

An unwanted, uncontrolled factor in the research environment that may have an effect on the dependent variable.

Keywords

Important words connected to a research topic—including broader and narrower terms, synonyms, and key concepts—used to search catalogs, databases, and other sources.

Thesis Statement

A statement, usually one or two sentences in length and supported by evidence, that clearly states what the research intends to answer, prove, or communicate.

Research Title

A brief statement that tells the reader what the study is about, providing an initial overview of the main variables, participants, and focus of the investigation.

Basic Elements of a Research Title

The four foundational components of a research title: Variable/s + Participants + Purpose/Relationship + Context.