biases

Confirmation Bias

Favoring information that reaffirms existing beliefs and ignoring conflicting information.

Anchoring Bias

The tendency for the first piece of information encountered to influence judgment on subsequent information.

Curse of Knowledge

The phenomenon where someone assumes that what they understand is also obvious to everyone else.

Belief Bias

The tendency to judge the strength of an argument based on the believability of its conclusion rather than its logical soundness.

Barnum Effect

Filling in gaps for vague statements, making them personally applicable.

Sunk Cost Fallacy

The inclination to continue an endeavor once an investment in money, effort, or time has been made.

Self-Serving Bias

The tendency to attribute successes to oneself and failures to external factors.

Groupthink

The phenomenon where a group prioritizes consensus over the best decision-making.

Availability Heuristic

Judgment influenced by the most easily recalled information or examples.

Dunning-Kruger Effect

Overconfidence in one's abilities despite being a novice in a task or subject.

Backfire Effect

The strengthening of core beliefs when they are challenged.

Negativity Bias

The tendency to allow negative experiences to have a disproportionate impact on thinking.

Declinism

The belief that the future will be significantly worse than the present.

Halo Effect

The tendency to assume someone with attractive or charismatic traits has other positive qualities.

Just-World Hypothesis

The belief that the world is inherently fair and that justice always prevails.

Bystander Effect

The phenomenon where individuals are less likely to help a victim when other people are present.

Framing Effect

Being influenced by the way information is presented rather than the information itself.

Optimism Bias

The tendency to overestimate the likelihood of positive outcomes.

Pessimism Bias

The tendency to overestimate the likelihood of negative outcomes.

Skepticism

A rational approach that involves seeking impartial understanding and questioning assumptions.

In-Group Bias

The preference for members of one's own group over those from different groups.

Reactance

The desire to do the opposite of what one is being told, especially when feeling one's freedom is threatened.

Fundamental Attribution Error

The tendency to attribute someone's actions to their character rather than external circumstances.

Placebo Effect

The phenomenon where patients experience improvements in their condition due to their expectations rather than actual treatment.

Spotlight Effect

The overestimation of how much others notice and evaluate our appearance or behavior.