Taxonomy and the Kingdom of Animalia (12-16)

What is taxonomy?

The field of research concerned with the classification of all organisms

How to taxonomists classify living things?

Giving them standardized series of names ranging from broad to more specific

Most animals are referred to by what?

Their binomial name

What is a binomial name>?

2 part Latin scientific name for a single species

What does the classification of animals give information about?

The kind of organism it is and how it relates to other organisms

Who developed the modern concept of taxonomy?

Carl Linnaeus

What nationality is Carl Linnaeus?

Swedish

What is Carl Linnaeus’ profession?

Botanist

When did Carl Linnaeus develop modern taxonomy?

1735

Why was Latin chosen for modern taxonomy in 1735?

It is a dead language so its grammar rules would remain consistent over time

How did early scientists classify animals?

Based on outward characteristics and their behavior to relate them another and understand evolutionary processes

What are the 8 levels of taxonomy in order?

Life, Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Te binomial name for an animal is made up of what?

The first name is its genus in italicized letters with the first letter capitalized and the second name is its species name in all lower case

Some taxonomy ranks contain only a few organisms. T or F

True

How are some species sometimes refered to instead of their binomial name?

Their common name or their family/genus name

Why do taxonomists also classify extinct animals?

Animals can be reclassified as more is learned about them

How do scientists visualize relationships between species?

Phylogenetic trees

What is another name for phylogenetic trees>?

Evolutonary trees

What are phylogenetic trees?

They visually describe the evolutionary history between taxa based on biological features, behavior,genetics, and/or geographic location

What does the tree of life depict?

How all forms of life have evolved from one common ancestor

What do close branching off points to another mean on a phylogenetic tree?

How related trees are to one another

What are interior nodes?

The last common ancestor between two groups

Researchers use phylogenetic trees at what levels?

Finer levels as they learn about small differences and similarities between species between genetic information

What is used to classify animals with no genetic information?

Estimated date of the fossil and physical features of the structures

What is each line on a phylogenetic tree called?>

A branch

What is a divergence event?

The point at which 2 species can no longer breed because of different genetic codes

Branches are more related if what?

They are connected at a node because that node represents their last common ancestor

The longest a branch the more __________ has occured

Genetic change

Wat was the last universal common ancestor?

The theoretical single-celled organism that was shared between all organisms

What does LUCA mean?

Last Universal Common Ancestor

When did LUCA live?

4.2 billion years

Are there fossil records of LUCA?

No

Where it is theorized that LUCA exists?

From the analysis of the building blocks of DNA

What do scientists believe was the first multicellular animals?

A type of sponge or jellyfish that lived in the ocean

The oldest evidence linking animals in oceans is dated to when?

910 million years ago

The early animals from 910 million years ago in the ocean resembled what present day animals?

Sponges and jellyfish

How did scientists conclude tat the genetic code of early animals was simple and primitive?

By comparing it to the structure of currently living animals to the skeletal remains of the first animals

The genetic code of the earliest animals served as what?

The building blocks for the rest of the animal kingdom as it grew more diverse and complex

How was the genetic code of the jellyfish an example of early code serving as building blocks for animals?

They don't have a nervous system but have the genetic code for the components of one

What was the first transition from water animal to land animal?

The P. Newmani

That was P. newmani?

A millipede like insect creature

When did P. Newmani live?

420 million years ago

What was the first creature known to breathe oxygen and walk on land?

p. Newmani

Why was moving on land advantageous to animals?

Most of life was still underwater, so land provided a rest from predators and allowed them to diversity diets to include plant life

When did the first animals with bones and spines arrive?

375 million years later

The first animals with bones and spines resembled what modern group of animals?

Reptiles or amphibians

The first animals with bones and spines lived where>?

Land and water

Who discovered the P. Newmani?

Mike Newman

What was Mike Newman’s nationality?

Sctland

When did Mike newman discover the P. Newmani?

2004

What was Mike Newmna’s profession?

Amateur paleontologist

When did the oldest known mammal live?

225 million years ago

The Basilodon lived at the same time as what major group of animals?

Dinosaurs

What percentage of mammals survived the mass dinosaur extinction?

7%

Why is it theorized mammals survived the dinosaur extinction?

Robust diets and small size allowed substance on smaller food sources for other life at the time

What domain do animals belong to?

Eukarya (eukaryotic cells)

What kingdom do animals belong to?

Animalia

Every animal starts with the same what?

Kingdom and domain (Animalia and Eukaryka)

What phylum describes animals with spinal cords?

Chordata

What are 2 examples of animal groups belong to the phylum Cordota?

Mammals and birds

Invertebrate animals are what?

Animals without a vertebrae (spinal cord)

Invertebrae are dispersed among how many phylums?

Several (some only few species)

What is grey wolves scientific name?

Canis lupus

What is Bass’ scientific name>?

Percomorpha

What does Bass (Percomorpha) refer to?

A clade of fish of different species

What is the striped Bass' scientific name?

Morone Saxatilis

Wat is the spotted Bass' scientific name?

Micropterus punctulatus

Why are taxonomic names standard in science?

OTo avoid language/culture/contextual differences among organisms names

What methods do scientists use to determine where on a phylogenetic tree an animal belongs?

DNA, physical features, and behavior

Why can behavior be a misleading way to classify animals?

Some species have evolved the same behavior independently of one another