Urinary system

Peritonitis is an inflammatory disease of the peritoneum that can be caused by all the following except:

nephritis.

A patient who has long-term renal failure may have:

a decreased number of erythrocytes in his blood.

Which of the following is not a component of the urinary tract?

kidney

Which of the following functions is not associated with the urinary system?

Regulation of leukocyte production

If the microvilli in the proximal tubule were to decrease in number...

urine volume would increase.

The arteriole that delivers blood to the glomerulus is the __________.

afferent arteriole

The most common type of nephrons, which have a relatively short nephron loop that does NOT extend deep into the medulla, are called __________ nephrons.

cortical

Name the strong transparent covering that encases the kidney.

Fibrous capsule

Where does the ureter penetrate the kidney?

Hilum

The ureter, blood vessels, and nerves penetrate the kidney on its medial surface.

True

The fibrous capsule is a layer of adipose tissue that surrounds the kidney.

False

Which region of the kidney is the most superficial?

Renal cortex

Which of the following regions of the kidney is in contact with the fibrous capsule?

Renal cortex

Renal artery stenosis, or abnormally narrow renal arteries, will cause the kidneys to:

have an inadequate amount of blood flow to the nephrons, and decrease the rate of filtration.

Returning fluid and solutes from filtrate to blood happens via __________.

tubular reabsorption

A patient with a severe liver disease is no longer able to produce plasma proteins, and in turn, her colloid osmotic pressure has decreased. What effect does this have on the net filtration pressure and GFR in her nephrons?

The net filtration pressure will increase in favor of filtration, and the GFR will increase.

Certain drugs that treat high blood pressure cause vasodilation of arteries and arterioles, including those in the kidneys. What immediate effect would these high blood pressure medications have on the GFR?

The GFR would temporarily increase due to increased glomerular hydrostatic pressure.

A patient who is on medications that block the RAAS is feeling faint during exercising. While being monitored on a treadmill, the doctor sees that his blood pressure remains low instead of increasing with his level of activity. She explains that his medication is:

inhibiting vasoconstriction and restricting his blood pressure from rising while exercising.

Calculate the NFP, if the GHP is 50 mm Hg, the GCOP is 30 mm Hg and the CHP is 15 mm Hg.

NFP = 5 mm Hg

Which of the following will result in an immediate decrease of GFR?

constriction of the afferent arteriole

A decrease in GFR will cause __________.

lower Na and Cl ion concentration in the distal tubule

Which of the following solutes will

not

pass across the filtration membrane under normal circumstances?

Plasma proteins

The amount of filtrate formed by both kidneys in 1 minute is defined as the __________.

GFR

The hormone ANP causes an __________.

increase in GFR

Filtration happens at the:

glomerulus

Which of the following is NOT a component of the filtration membrane?

epithelial cells of the glomerular capsule

Which of the following solutes are not able to pass through the filtration membrane in a healthy kidney?

albumin

Which of the following cells or organs releases renin?

juxtaglomerular cells

Angiotensin II promotes:

constriction of the efferent arteriole

Lisa suffers from kidney stones. One small stone manages to get lodged in the ascending limb of the nephron loop of one of her nephrons. Predict what would happen to the amount of filtrate produced over time by this particular nephron.

Decrease in filtrate production due to an increase in hydrostatic pressure in the capsular space

While traveling through the rain forests of Peru, you are introduced to a rare and exotic plant. You discover that it contains a toxin that blocks the reabsorption of sodium ions from the proximal tubule. If administered, what affect would this toxin have on the reabsorption of water and other electrolytes?

The toxin would significantly decrease the amount of water and certain electrolytes reabsorbed.

While traveling through the rain forest of Peru, you are introduced to a rare and exotic plant. You discover that it contains a toxin that blocks the reabsorption of sodium ions from the proximal tubule. If administered, what affect would this toxin have on the reabsorption of glucose?

The toxin would significantly decrease the amount of glucose reabsorbed.

The kidneys monitor and regulate blood pH levels. If a patient is suffering from hypoventilation, the blood pH will decrease, causing the kidneys to:

increase their secretion of hydrogen ions and increase the reabsorption of bicarbonates ions.

Which of the following is true about tubular reabsorption?

It involves carrier-mediated transport.

Aldosterone antagonist drugs prevent aldosterone from having an effect at its receptors. As a result __________.

more urine will be produced

Most nutrients, such as glucose, are reabsorbed in the __________.

proximal tubule

The distal tubule is a site for:

reabsorption and secretion

Which of the following hormones causes sodium reabsorption in the distal tubule?

Aldosterone

Which of the following would be a "potassium sparing diuretic," a drug that causes an increase in water loss, and a decrease in potassium loss in the kidneys?

a drug that blocks the effect of aldosterone

Secretion happens via:

Facilitated transport only

Michael was recently diagnosed with a tumor of the pituitary gland and underwent surgery to remove the entire mass.  After surgery the nurse noted that Michael was producing an extremely large volume of urine.  What might be causing Michael to do this?

Removal of the tumor may have left Michael unable to release antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

Through which pathway are most water and solutes reabsorbed in the kidney tubule?

Transcellular

Reabsorption of which of the following drives the reabsorption of water and many other solutes in the proximal tubule?

Sodium

Patients with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus often have glucose in their urine. This is because the concentration of glucose in the filtrate exceeds the ____________ of the carrier proteins in the proximal tubule.

Transport maximum

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) release is inhibited by alcohol consumption. Why do you feel dehydrated after consuming alcohol?

ADH inhibition will cause less water to be reabsorbed in the distal tubule, causing frequent urination.

Loop diuretics will block the Na+/K+/2Cl- symporters in the thick ascending limb of the nephron, causing:

a decrease in the medullary gradient and a decrease in water reabsorption.

The filtrate is most concentrated __________.

at the turn of the nephron loop

The thin descending limb of the nephron loop is freely permeable to __________.

water

f there was no medullary gradient, the kidneys would produce:

large amount of dilute urine

Susan is sick with the flu. Her symptoms include vomiting and diarrhea, along with body aches and a cough. How will her body try to prevent her from becoming dangerously dehydrated while she is sick?

Her body will increase antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion and inhibit atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) secretion.

Glomerulonephritis, or inflammation of the glomerulus, will result in leaky glomerular capillaries and damaged glomeruli, both of which will cause the GFR to decrease. If GFR decreases, which mechanisms would be triggered to help maintain the GFR?

RAAS and tubuloglomerular feedback

Certain diuretics block the effects of carbonic anhydrase, an enzyme that aids in the reabsorption of bicarbonate ions. What will happen to the pH of blood if this were to occur?

There will be a decrease in pH of the blood resulting in acidosis.

Many athletes will use the dietary supplement creatine phosphate to enhance their performance. When metabolized, the creatine phosphate is broken down to creatine and absorbed into the blood. What effect will this increase in creatine have on the kidneys?

The kidneys will increase their workload as they must excrete the excess creatine.

Which of the following is a normal property of urine?

translucent

A substance will have the fastest renal clearance if it is __________.

filtered and secreted

Which of the following substances is used to measure renal clearance?

Inulin

The urinary tract would not function as well if it was composed of simple squamous epithelium because:

the simple squamous epithelium is extremely thin, would not provide adequate protection, and be more prone to tearing.

Mr. Elliott suffered damage to his spinal cord at the S2-S3 level from an aortic aneurysm. Because of the location of the injury,

the bladder reflex arc will be interrupted so no sensation or contraction can occur.

Mr. Elliott suffered damage to his spinal cord at the S2-S3 level from an aortic aneurysm. Because of the location of the injury,

the bladder reflex arc will be interrupted so no sensation or contraction can occur.

The mucosa of the bladder __________.

contains rugae

The micturition reflex is initiated by __________.

stretch receptors in the wall of the bladder

Which of the following is voluntarily controlled?

the opening of the external urethral sphincter

The detrusor muscle __________.

compresses the urinary bladder and expels urine

Minor calyces empty urine into ________.

major calyces.

If a renal calculus, or kidney stone, blocked the renal pelvis, where would backup of urine be seen?

the major calyx

Urine is expelled from the urinary bladder via the _____.

urethra

The detrusor muscle is stimulated to contract by the ______.

parasympathetic efferent nerves

Which part of the nephron is responsible for filtering blood?

Renal corpuscle

A tightly packed group of cells where the ascending limb of the nephron loop and the distal tubule transition are known as the:

macula densa.

All of the following physiological processes are carried out by the kidneys except:

protection.

The __________ is an extremely thin layer of dense connective tissue that covers the kidney.

renal capsule

Filtered fluid leaving the glomerular capillaries immediately enters the:

glomerular capsule.

The glomerular capillaries are drained by the __________.

efferent arteriole

Which of the following functions are performed by the urinary system?

Maintain fluid and electrolyte balance and remove metabolic wastes

The __________ is not an organ involved with the urinary system.

prostate gland

The portion of the renal tubule through which filtrate initially flows is known as the __________.

proximal tubule

Which statement best describes the function of tubular reabsorption?

Tubular reabsorption reclaims items from filtrate and returns them to the blood.

Urine drains from a major calyx into __________.

the renal pelvis

The glomerulus is a group of __________ capillaries, which allow large volumes of fluids and solutes to be exchanged.

fenestrated

Urine is transported from kidney to the urinary bladder by the __________.

ureter

Segmental artery

largest after renal artery

Efferent arteriole

smallest before the peritubular capillaries

The area of the kidney that drains urine is the __________.

renal pelvis

Which of the following structures is made up of simple cuboidal epithelium with many microvilli that help increase surface area?

Proximal tubule

The two main divisions of the nephron are the:

renal corpuscle and renal tubule.

In cortical nephrons, the:

renal corpuscle lies in the outer portion of the renal cortex.

The functional units of the kidneys are __________.

nephrons

The process of filtration occurs at the __________.

renal corpuscle

Which of the following is not a function that takes place in the kidneys?

Regulation of hematopoiesis

---

Which of the following functions are associated with the kidney?

Maintenance of blood pressure

Maintenance of fluid and electrolyte balance

Regulation of erythropoiesis

Maintenance of acid-base balance.

Where does blood in the arcuate artery travel next on its journey toward the glomerulus?

Interlobular (cortical radiate) artery

Which of the following structures are found in the renal medulla?

Nephron loop

Starting with the most superficial layer, list the layers of connective tissue surrounding the kidney.

Renal fascia, adipose capsule, and renal capsule

The distal tubule is made up of:

simple cuboidal epithelium with very few microvilli.

The renal artery, renal vein, renal nerves, and ureter all enter and exit through the __________.

hilum

The visceral layer of the glomerular capsule is covered with specialized epithelial cells called:

podocytes.

In which kidney region are the renal pyramids located?

Renal medulla

What is the primary pressure driving glomerular filtration?

Glomerular hydrostatic pressure

The most important function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) is to:

secrete renin in response to decreased renal blood pressure or blood flow.

Severe renal failure, in which the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is less than 50% of normal, is known as __________.

uremia