Hist of Western Art Exam 2

Oldest/heaviest. Considered masculine and is from the mainland Greeks.

Doric

has roots in the Aegean's and comes from the Ionian mainland Greeks

Ionic

Feminine, did not appear until the 5th century and first appeared on the inside before being used on the outside.

Corinthian

Architrave

Echinus

Pediment

Volute

Abacus

Dentil

Boss

Acanthus

Triglyph

Sterobate

Stylobate

Flute

Metope

Cornice

Entablature

Frieze

Capital

Necking

Raking Cornice

Name the three orders and their characteristics?

• Doric-oldest/heaviest. Considered masculine and is from the mainland Greeks.

• Ionic has roots in the Aegean's and comes from the Ionian mainland Greeks.

• Corinthian-feminine, did not appear until the 5th century and first appeared on the inside before being used on the outside.

Name some buildings from the Greeks?

Panthenon, Erectheon, Propylaea, Greek theater, ect...

What is unique about their temples?

• Greek temples faced outward, by that, they turned their temples inside out with the altar at the front of the building.

• Most of the importance was on the concept of the architecture. This idea generally concentrated the efforts to make the temple suitable for the monuments and deities.

• Early Archaic temples were long and narrow or roughly 1:3 ratio.

• Late Classical temples were roughly 1:2

There are four (4) phases in Greek art, they are?

Geometric, Archaic, Classical, Hellenistic

What does CONTRAPPOSTO mean? Give an example.

CONTRAPPOSTO: to set against…counter balance. Example- Kritios Boy

What is a stereobate?

A solid mass of masonry serving as a foundation for a wall or row of

columns.

What is a peristyle?

A row of columns surrounding a space within a building such as a court or

internal garden or edging a veranda or porch.

What is an echinus?

A rounded molding below an abacus on a Doric or Ionic capital.

What is an entablature?

A horizontal, continuous lintel on a classical building supported by

columns or a wall, comprising the architrave, frieze, and cornice.

What is an architrave?

Trim within the entablature

Give me all and any details about the Parthenon:

• Parthenon was built as a Greek temple, but later became a BYZANTINE church, then

• Catholic cathedral and finally a MOSQUE.

• 1687 became a ruin after gunpowder blew up.

• Much of the sculpture was removed during the years of 1801-03 by Lord Elgin. Some the British marbles greatest treasures today!

• A temple to Athena Parthenos.

• The style is a PERIPTERAL STYLE, slightly less half the length.

• The NAOS had double row columns for roof support, according to some it had a second story gallery level for viewing the goddess. (Pronaos is the front porch)

• The middle of the floor is the highest, for drainage.

PROPYLAEA – WHAT IS IT? WHY IMPORTANT?

Gateway onto the acropolis. The middle columns are spread further for easy access of horses and chariots. Has a mix of two orders, doric outside and ionic inside. Had an area for art and displaying the works of the day.

What is the Kouros?

• Greek for young man Archaic Kouroi, nearly always nude, have been identified as various gods, warriors, and victorious athletes.

• Male/youth thought of as portraits ARE not the head but that of the body.

• free standing and walking forward, seen in the round

What is the Kore?

• Greek for the young woman, always clothed and probably presented deities, or priestesses.

• Like Kouros (youth/male) they are young, hence their name, which means youth/female.

• Both types were produced by the hundred and their general outline “shape” remained for centuries. And they would have been painted!

KRITIOS BOY: WEIGHT SHIFT, WHY IS THIS IMPORTANT?

• Has a dramatic transition and marks a turning point from Archaic to Early Classical.

• A nonsymmetrical pose.

• CONTRAPPOSTO: to set against…counter balance…moving away from Archaic into Classical

Laocoon and Sons – why do we study this sculpture?

1. Represents the episode of pre-roman history, when the trojan priest warns them of the trojan horse theory

2. See them being punished by poseidon’s sea serpents

3. This piece is the first link to the chain of events that lead ot the founding of rome

   1. Feel the pain and desperation

   2. Sensory overload of all the things happening and shift from the classical period

In discovering man, the Greeks discovered and confronted the problems of persistence and change. Their saying was?

•MEN PASS AWAY, BUT MANKIND REMAINS.

Which building had female columns?

Erechtheion

Who created the Discobolus?

Myron

What are the similarities and differences between Egyptian statues and Greek Kouros?

Foot forward stance, pose, 360 view

Talk about their theater?

Stage at bottom, tired seats, slopped terrain, half circle

Which politician rebuilt Acropolis?

Pericles

What does Acropolis mean?

High city

What makes up the Greek architecture? (hint 3 things)

Platform, Column, Entablature

What is a NAOS?

Main room

What is a PRONAOS?

The porch of course!

Which Greek building was a BYZANTINE church, then Catholic cathedral and finally a MOSQUE.

Parthenon

What is a stylobate?

a continuous base supporting a row of columns

What is a Volute?

a spiral scroll characteristic of Ionic capitals and also used in Corinthian and composite capitals.

What determines a portrait in Greek art?

Greek: Full body sculptures

Roman: a bust or a head can be deemed a portrait

Greek Pottery Terms to know?

• Amphora

• Kantharos

• Hydria

• Aryballos

• Krater 

• Pelike

• Kylix

• Skyphos

• Volute Krater..

Temple of Portunus (A.K.A. Temple of Fortune)

Oldest preserved Roman temple.

DESCRIBE influences do you see here? Greek how?

• Ionic columns, peripteral style

• High podium (pronaos), engaged columns

Let’s talk about the Colosseum. Major points of interest?

Think about what when on in the colosseum, think about architectural key components, also think about rank in seating-who sat where.

The Pantheon, what makes it famous?

Largest dome for 1800 yrs, how could this work? 3 types of concrete, Coffered ceilings

Arches: how they work?  Think about concrete too.

• Concrete: built quickly, make stuff quickly

• Roman arches work by distributing weight outward and downward through a curved structure, allowing Romans to build larger openings, doorways, bridges, and buildings without needing a solid wall underneath.

Roman sculptures – what about them is different than the Greeks?

They are freestanding

Romans like Sarcophagi – why? What changed?

Romans shifted from cremation to inhumation (burying the body) around the 2nd century AD, and a body needs a container. Sarcophagi became the showpiece for that.

4 Roman painting styles- be able to know the names

1. incrustation/masonry

2. architecture/illusional

3. ornate

4. intricate

Sanctuary of Fortuna. How is this a product of Roman genius?

Combines concrete, barrel vaults and arcaded terraces with Hellenistic design. This turned a steep hillside into a grand, axially planned, theatrical complex that Greek builders working in post and lintel could not easily have achieved.

Roman art was “art of the Republic and Empire.” What does that mean?

• “Art” created by Roman artists came with the help from Greeks for the Empire.

• Think of it as: an art that brings diverse elements together to produce something entirely new. (Greek + Roman= new art)

Name the function of centering

temporary wooden framework that holds the stones in place until the arch is complete and can support itself

Name the functioning of voussoir

a wedge-shaped stone that transfers the load outward and downward through compression

Name the functioning of keystone

central, final voussoir that locks the arch and completes the load path

Name the function of vault

an arch extended or combined to roof a space, which gave the Romans large open interiors without dense columns

Name the function of pier

the sturdy vertical support that takes the arch's weight and thrust down to the foundation

Name the function of barrel vault

a continuous series of arches forming a tunnel-like roof, used for corridors, bridges, aqueducts and terraces

Name the function of raking cornice

Name the function of echinus

Name the function of groin vault

Name the function of abacus

Name the function of dentils

Name the function of buttress

What is the Temple of Portunus (AKA Temples of Fortune)

• Oldest preserved Roman temple

• Has a Greek feel but is Roman. Greek how?

• Ionic columns, peripteral style

• High podium (porch), engaged columns

• Laying out a Roman city. How were they formed? Who can explain/illustrate it?

• North/south road was called?

• East /West?

Major points of interest of the Colosseum

The Pantheon, what makes it famous?

• Largest dome for 1800 yrs, how could this work?

• 3 types of concrete

• Coffered ceilings

Talk about Roman sculptures/Portraits.

• Showed aging

• Used bust only

• Showed Emperor as majestic

Name 3 distinct phases of the Aegean culture

• Crete

• Cycladic

• Helladic

The king was

Minos

What is the formal name of the European civilization-

Minoan

_______________ uncovered the palaces starting in the 1870s

Heinrich Schliemann

What is about the Minoan fresco painting

Architecture was _________, __________, _____________

• complex

• comfortable

• massive

What was palace life like?

Palace life was communal, so was death

Where did we find most of their art?

in the tombs/palace

Palace was what to them and it was the place for the ___________

the temple

What is the Minotaur theory?

What was the name of the main palace?

What is a fresco?

What seems to be their favorite game to the Aegan’s?

Explain Minoan pottery

What is unique in the Harvester vase?

What is the name of their writing called?

Linear B

Explain the snake goddess