Patho Pharm: Exam 1 - Principles of nutrition

What is the process of ingestion?

consuming food & moving it through the GI

What is the process of digestion?

breakdown & absorption of nutrients

What is the process of absorption?

nutrients move into the blood stream & lymphatic system

What is the process of metabolism?

sum of all chemical processes that occur on a cellular level to maintain homeostasis

What is the process of catabolism?

the breaking down of substances for energy

What is the process of anabolism?

the use of energy to build or repair substances

What is ATP?

- nucleotide that provides energy

- molecular unit of currency of intercellular of energy transfer

- precursor to DNA & RNA used as a coenzyme

What is the definition of BMI?

body mass index

What is the calculation for BMI?

BMI = weight (lbs) / (height (in)) ^2 x 703

What is the target BMI?

18.5-24.9

Fluid intake should be ___ L - ___ L per day?

2-3L

Fluid output should be ____mL/hr (minimum ______ mL/day)

30, 720

What BMI is considered overweight?

> 25-29.9

What BMI is considered obese?

> 30.0

What is the definition of metabolic rate?

the speed at which energy is burned

What are some factors that increase BMR?

- lean, muscular body build

- exposure to extreme temperature

- prolonged stress

- rapid growth periods (infancy, puberty)

- lactation

- pregnancy

What are some factors that decrease BMR?

- short stature

- overweight body build

- starvation/malnutrition

- age related loss of lean body masses

What are some medications that INCREASE metabolism?

epinephrine, levothyroxine, ephedrine sulfate

What are some medications that DECREASE metabolism?

opioids (pain meds), muscle relaxants, benzodiazepines (anti anxiety)

What is the relationship of protein & nitrogen balance?

- proteins breakdown & reproduce nitrogen

- nitrogen is converted to ammonia

- ammonia is converted to urea in the liver

- urea is excreted through the kidneys

What is the definition of a negative nitrogen balance?

malnutrition classified as burning protein faster than synthesized in the catabolic state

true or false: sources of nitrogen are protein

true

nitrogen balance is the difference between the daily _______ and _______ of nitrogen.

intake/excretion

How does the body process & store glucose for energy?

- exess glucose is converted to glycogen & stored in the liver/muscle tissue

- surplus of glucose is converted to fat

How does the body process & store glycerol/fatty acids for energy?

Extra glycerol & fatty acids are reassembled into triglycerides and stored in adipose tissue

How does the body process & store amino acids for energy?

Amino acids make body proteins, The liver removes nitrogen from the amino acids, and the remaining product is converted to glucose or fat for energy

How does the body process & store ATP for energy?

Body cells first use available ATP for growth & repair, then use glycogen and stored fat

What are the 3 specialty diets?

vegan, lactovegetarian, & ovolacto

The vegan diet excludes all _____ & ______ products

meat, animal

The lacto vegetarian diet includes ________ products.

dairy

The ovo lacto diet includes _____ & ______ products.

eggs, dairy

In order to promote heart health one must limit saturated fats to ____.

10%

What are some strategies to promote heart health?

- low cholesterol

- high fiber

- DASH diet (to stop hypertension)

What are some strategies to promote the nervous system?

- B complex

- calcium & sodium

- grains & dairy

- weight bearing exercise

What are some strategies to promote bowel function?

fluids & fiber

What are some strategies to promote cancer prevention?

- fiber & plant based foods

- limit salt & saturated trans fat

- high polyunsaturated fats (omega 3 fatty acids), antioxidants: Vit E & C

true or false: if you avoid alcohol it is bad for your health

false

true or false: if you participate in regular activity it promotes specific areas of health

true

Fresh meat/fish/perishable foods: maintain refrigerator temperature at _____.

40F (4C) or colder

Perishables: do not leave at room temperature for more than ____ hours

2

How long are canned good for in the pantry? How long after opening?

5 years, 3-4 days

true or false: you should use canned foods that are damaged.

false

What should you checked canned foods for prior to use?

rusting, crushing, and denting

How long can eggs last in the refrigerator? How about hard boiled eggs?

4-5 weeks in shell, 1 week if hard boiled

What is the first step in food prep?

wash hands

Cook the food to the proper temperature followed by a ___ min rest time.

3

Roasts & steaks should be cooked at ______.

145F (63C)

Chicken should be cooked at ______.

165 F (74C)

Ground beef should be cooked at ______.

160F (71C)

Products that contain eggs should be cooked at ______.

160 F (71C)

What are high risk foods?

unpasteurized fruit juice & milk products