AP U.S. History: Unit 4 Review - The Jefferson Era, Market Revolution, and Jacksonian Democracy

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering the Rise of Political Parties, the Jeffersonian Republic, Regional Politics, the Market Revolution, Democratic Expansion, and the Presidency of Andrew Jackson.

Election of 1800

The presidential election in which Thomas Jefferson defeated John Adams after $35$ tied ballots and a decisive $36\text{th}$ vote in the House of Representatives, representing the first peaceful transfer of power between rival political parties in American history.

Virginia Dynasty

The successive presidencies of three Democratic-Republicans from Virginia—Thomas Jefferson ($1801\text{--}1809$), James Madison ($1809\text{--}1817$), and James Monroe ($1817\text{--}1825$)—who together governed the nation for $24$ consecutive years.

Jeffersonian Vision

Thomas Jefferson's political ideal of transforming the United States into an agrarian republic of sturdy, independent farmers, free from the workshops, industrial cities, and urban mobs of Europe.

Louisiana Purchase

The $1803$ land deal in which the United States bought approximately $828{,}000\text{ square miles}$ of territory from Napoleon Bonaparte's France for $\$15\text{ million}$, securing New Orleans, the Mississippi River, and doubling the land area of the nation.

Chesapeake-Leopard Affair

An $1807$ naval encounter off the coast of Norfolk, Virginia, where the British warship Leopard attacked the American vessel USS Chesapeake, killing $3$ sailors and impressing $4$ others into British service.

Embargo Act of 1807

A federal law passed under Thomas Jefferson that banned all American vessels from clearing for foreign ports in response to British and French impressment, causing U.S. exports to fall drastically from $\$108\text{ million}$ to $\$22\text{ million}$ by $1808$.

Non-Intercourse Act of 1809

Legislation passed at the end of Jefferson's presidency to replace the repealed Embargo Act, reopening foreign trade to all nations except Great Britain and France.

Judiciary Act of 1801

A statute passed by the outgoing Federalist Congress in the final weeks of John Adams's presidency that created $6$ new circuit courts and $16$ new federal judgeships to maintain Federalist control of the judiciary.

Midnight Appointments

Federalist judicial commissions signed and pushed through by President John Adams in the final hours of his term under the Judiciary Act of 1801, several of which were deliberately withheld by the incoming Jefferson administration.

Marbury v. Madison (1803)

The landmark Supreme Court case in which Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that William Marbury's commission could not be enforced because a section of the Judiciary Act of 1789 was unconstitutional, firmly establishing the principle of judicial review.

Judicial Review

The power of the federal courts, established in Marbury v. Madison ($1803$), to examine legislative acts and invalidate federal laws judged contrary to the United States Constitution.

Fletcher v. Peck (1810)

A Supreme Court case involving Georgia land fraud in which John Marshall declared that a state legislature could not pass a law invalidating a valid contract, marking the first time the Court struck down a state law as unconstitutional.

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

A Supreme Court ruling establishing that the state of Maryland lacked the constitutional power to tax the Second Bank of the United States, cementing the supremacy of federal laws over conflicting state laws.

Tariff of 1816

The first explicitly protective tariff passed in U.S. history, designed after the War of 1812 to shield American manufactured goods from foreign competition, though strongly opposed by Southern agricultural exporters.

Tallmadge Amendment

An $1819$ proposal by New York Representative James Tallmadge to ban the further introduction of slavery into Missouri and grant freedom to all enslaved persons born there upon reaching age $25$, which passed the House but was defeated in the Senate.

Missouri Compromise (1820)

A legislative compromise crafted by Henry Clay that admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, while outlawing slavery in the remainder of the Louisiana Territory north of latitude $36^\circ 30'$.

American System

An economic program championed by Henry Clay following the War of 1812 consisting of three interconnected elements: a protective tariff, a national bank to extend credit, and federally funded internal improvements such as roads and canals.

War Hawks

A coalition of nationalistic Democratic-Republican congressmen, led by Henry Clay of Kentucky and John C. Calhoun of South Carolina, who aggressively advocated for war against Great Britain in $1812$.

Impressment

The British naval practice of boarding American merchant vessels and forcibly drafting between $3{,}000$ and $6{,}000$ American sailors into royal military service between $1803$ and $1812$.

Battle of Tippecanoe (1811)

An armed confrontation in which Indiana Territorial Governor William Henry Harrison destroyed the headquarters of the Shawnee confederacy led by Tecumseh and the Prophet, fueling American accusations of British incitement on the frontier.

Treaty of Ghent (1814)

The diplomatic treaty that officially ended the War of 1812 in a military stalemate, establishing peace between Great Britain and the United States with no territorial exchanges or boundary alterations.

Hartford Convention (1814)

A secret assembly of New England Federalists convened in December $1814$ to air grievances over the War of 1812 and explore proposals including secession, a move that branded the party as unpatriotic and caused its permanent collapse.

Adams-Onís Treaty (1819)

A diplomatic treaty between U.S. Secretary of State John Quincy Adams and Spanish minister Luis de Onís in which Spain transferred Florida to the United States for $\$5\text{ million}$ and relinquished claims to the Oregon Territory.

Monroe Doctrine (1823)

A foreign policy doctrine articulated by President James Monroe declaring that the Western Hemisphere was closed to future European colonization and that foreign intervention in independent American nations would be deemed an unfriendly act against the United States.

Samuel Slater

An English mechanic who memorized British factory designs and constructed America's first water-powered textile mill in Rhode Island in December $1790$, inaugurating the factory system in the United States.

Lowell System

A textile factory system developed by Francis Cabot Lowell that integrated the power loom and recruited young, unmarried farm women who lived in supervised company-owned boarding houses with strict curfews.

Interchangeable Parts

A manufacturing method devised by Eli Whitney in $1801$ for assembling military rifles, using identical, machine-made components that allowed unskilled laborers to assemble weapons quickly and cheaply.

Cotton Gin

A machine invented by Eli Whitney in $1793$ that rapidly separated cotton fibers from seeds, increasing worker output from $1\text{ lb.}$ to $50\text{ lbs.}$ daily, expanding Southern plantation slavery, and driving cotton to $52\%$ of all U.S. exports by $1840$.

Morse Code

A communication code developed by Samuel Morse in $1832$ that translates letters of the alphabet into alternating short and long electrical impulses sent along telegraph wires.

Clermont

The first commercially viable steamship, designed by Robert Fulton in $1807$, which navigated up the Hudson River from New York City to Albany at an average speed of $5\text{ mph}$ over $32\text{ hours}$.

Erie Canal

A $363\text{-mile}$ state-funded canal completed in $1825$ under New York Governor DeWitt Clinton that linked the Hudson River with Lake Erie, recovering its $\$7\text{ million}$ cost within years and connecting Western farms to Atlantic commerce.

Old National Road

A $620\text{-mile}$ surfaced highway constructed between $1811$ and $1837$ connecting Maryland to the interior West, serving as a prime example of federal investment in transportation infrastructure.

Nativism

A mid-$19\text{th}$-century political and social hostility toward newly arrived immigrants—especially Catholic Irish and German populations—premised on claims that they took native jobs, carried radical politics, and were culturally inferior.

Know-Nothing Party

A mid-$19\text{th}$-century political organization established on nativist and anti-Catholic ideals that sought to restrict immigration and prevent naturalized citizens from holding political office.

Cult of Domesticity

A $19\text{th}$-century social doctrine dictating that married women should remain confined to a private domestic sphere focused on child-rearing, domestic order, and moral virtues, while men inhabited the outer world of business and politics.

Universal White Male Suffrage

The expansion of the voting franchise between $1800$ and $1860$ achieved by abolishing state property and tax qualifications, raising the proportion of eligible white male voters from under $10\%$ in $1800$ to $80\%$ by $1860$.

Second Party System

The national political structure operating from $1828$ to $1854$, defined by the fierce competitive rivalry between Andrew Jackson's Democrats and Henry Clay's Whigs.

Bank War

The political struggle initiated in $1832$ when President Andrew Jackson vetoed Henry Clay and Nicholas Biddle's early charter renewal for the Second Bank of the United States, decrying it as a corrupt tool of a monied elite.

Pet Banks

The state commercial banks selected by Treasury Secretary Roger B. Taney under Andrew Jackson's orders to hold more than half of the $\$10\text{ million}$ in federal deposits withdrawn from the Second Bank of the United States.

Tariff of Abominations

An $1828$ protective tariff that levied an average $38\%$ duty on imported manufactured goods, prompting intense southern outrage over elevated consumer costs and reduced European demand for cotton.

Nullification Crisis

The $1832\text{--}1833$ constitutional standoff triggered when South Carolina adopted an Ordinance of Nullification voiding federal tariff duties within its borders and preparing state militia forces to resist collection.

Force Bill

An $1833$ legislative act passed by Congress at President Jackson's request authorizing the federal government to deploy the U.S. military to enforce revenue laws and tariff collections in South Carolina.

Maysville Road Veto

President Andrew Jackson's $1830$ veto of a bill providing federal funding for a turnpike entirely within Kentucky, asserting that federal tax revenues should not finance intrastate internal improvements.

Worcester v. Georgia (1832)

A Supreme Court ruling delivered by John Marshall holding that the Cherokee Nation was a distinct domestic dependent community subject only to federal authority, a decision that President Jackson openly disregarded.

Indian Removal Act of 1830

Federal legislation championed by Andrew Jackson that pressured Native American tribes living in the Southeast to surrender ancestral holdings in exchange for designated lands west of the Mississippi River.

Trail of Tears

The forced march in the winter of $1838\text{--}1839$ carried out by the U.S. military that relocated approximately $18{,}000$ Cherokee men, women, and children to modern-day Oklahoma, resulting in the deaths of at least one-quarter of their population.