eyes and ears

functions of eye

ocular system- responsible for vision. they are the receptor organs for sight.

what are the eye structures

Orbit- bony cavity of the skull that contains the eyeball

Eye muscles- muscles attached to the eyeball that aid in movement of the eye. There are seven major eye muscles. Binocular- both eyes

Eyelids/ palpebra- protect the eye from injury, foreign material, and excessive light. Blephar/o. Palpebral- pertaining to the eyelid

what are some other eye structures

Canthus- angle where upper and lower eyelids meet.

Meibomian glands- sebaceous glands on the margins of each eyelid

Conjunctiva- mucous membranes that lines the underside of each eyelid.

Nictitating membrane- conjunctival fold that attached at the medial canthus and moves across the eyelid when the eye closes

what are the first 4 layers of the eye

Orb- eyeball, globe

Sclera- fibrous outer layer of the eye that maintains its shape.

AKA white of the eye

Scler/o- combining form for sclera

Cornea- anterior, clear portion of the sclera. Provides the focusing power of the eye. Corne/o Kerat/o- combining form word for cornea

Choroid- opaque middle layer of the eye that contains the blood vessels and supplies blood for the entire eye.

what the last 4 layers of the eye

Iris- pigmented muscular diaphragm of the choroid that surrounds the pupil

Miosis- pupillary constriction

Mydriasis- pupillary dilation

Retina- nervous tissue layer of the eye that receives images and lives the posterior chamber of the eye

what are some eye test

Conjunctival scrape- diagnostic test using an instrument to peel cells from the conjunctiva so they can be viewed microscopically.

Electroretinography- procedure of recording the electrical activity of the retina.

Fluorescein dye stain- diagnostic test to detect corneal injury by placing dye on the surface of the cornea.

what are other eye test

Menace response- diagnostic test to detect vision in which movement is made toward the animal to test whether it will see movement and try to close its eyelids.

Ophthalmoscope- instrument used to examine the interior of the eye.

more eye test

Palpebral reflex- diagnostic test in which the eye should blink in response to touch.

Pupillary light reflex- response of the pupils to light (PLR)

Schirmer tear test- diagnostic test using a graded paper strip to measure tear production.

Slit lamp examination- visual testing of the cornea, lens, fluids, and membranes of the interior of the eye using a narrow beam of light.

Tonometry- procedure using an instrument to measure intraocular pressure.

what is anisocoria, Blepharitis, Blepharospasm, Bupthalmos, and Cataract

Anisocoria- condition of unequal pupil size

Blepharitis- inflammation of the eyelid

Blepharospasm- rapid, involuntary contractions of the eyelids

Buphthalmos- abnormal enlargement of the eye

Cataract- cloudiness or opacity of the lens

what is conjunctivitis, corneal ulceration, Distichiasis, Ectropion, Entropion

Conjunctivitis- inflammation of the conjunctiva

Corneal ulceration- surface depression on the cornea

Distichiasis- abnormal condition of a double row of eyelashes that usually result in corneal injury

Ectropion- eversion, or turning outward of the eyelid

Entropion- inversion, or turning inward of the eyelid

what is Epiphora, Exophthalmos, Glaucoma, and hypopyon.

Epiphora- excessive tear production

Exophthalmos- abnormal protrusion of the eyeball

Glaucoma- group of disorders resulting from increased intraocular pressure

Hypopyon- pus in the anterior chamber of the eye

what is Keratoconjunctivitis, Keratoconjunctivitis sicca, Microphthalmia, and Nictitating gland prolapse?

Keratoconjunctivitis- inflammation of the cornea and conjunctiva

Keratoconjunctivitis sicca- inflammation of the cornea and conjunctiva due to a tear deficiency, can lead to a mucopurulent discharge and corneal ulceration and scarring. 

Microphthalmia- abnormally small eyes

Nictitating gland prolapse- hypertrophy and protrusion of the conjunctival fold of the medial canthus. AKA cherry eye or third eyelid prolapse

what is Nuclear sclerosis, Nystagmus, Retinal detachment, Scleral injection, and Strabismus?

Nuclear sclerosis- drying out of the lens with age

Nystagmus- involuntary, constant, rhythmic movement of the eye.

Retinal detachment- separation of the nervous layer of the eye from the choroid. 

Scleral injection- dilation of the blood vessels into the sclera.

Strabismus- disorder in which the eyes are not directed in a parallel manner, deviation of one or both eyes. 

what is Blepharectomy, Blepharoplasty, Enucleation, and Tarsorrhaphy?

Blepharectomy- surgical removal of all or part of the eyelid.

Blepharoplasty- surgical repair of the eyelid. 

Enucleation- removal of the eyeball.

Tarsorrhaphy- suturing together of the eyelids.

what is the function of the eear

It is a sensory organ that enables hearing and helps to maintain balance. combing word forms are Audit/o, aud/i, ot/o are combining form words for ear.

Acoust/o, acous/o- combining form word for sound or hearing

Auditory- pertaining to the ear

Acoustic- pertains to sound

how is the ear divided

outer middle and inner

explain the outer ear

Pinna/ auricle - external portion of the ear that catches sound waves and transmits them to the external auditory canal. Pinn/i- combining form word for pinna

Aur/i, aur/o- combing form word for ear

External auditory canal/meatus- tube that transmits sound from the pinna to the tympanic membrane.

Cerumen- earwax

explain the middle ear

Tympanic membrane- tissue that separates the external ear from the middle ear. AKA eardrum. Tympan/o, myring/o- combing form words for eardrum

Auditory ossicles- three little bones of the middle ear that transmit sound vibrations. Malleus, incus, stapes- bones of the auditory ossicle

Eustachian tube/ auditory tube- narrow duct that leads from the middle ear to the nasopharynx.

Tympanic bulla- osseous chamber at the base of the skull.

explain the inner ear

Bony labyrinth- three spaces in the temporal bone, contains perilymph and endolymph

Equilibrium- state of balance. Achieved by the inner ear structures. 

what is cytology and otoscope

Cytology- study of cells

Otoscope- an instrument used to visually examine the ears. 

what is Aural hematoma, Myringitis, otitis, and vertigo

Aural hematoma- collection or mass of blood on the outer ear.

Myringitis- inflammation of the eardrum.

Otitis- inflammation of the ear. Otitis externa, otitis media, otitis interna

Vertigo- sense of dizziness