PMOC/DDD

from 300 questions

Which sequence correctly follows the drug development process?

Discovery → Preclinical Studies → Clinical Studies

Which of the following is an example of drug repurposing?

Sildenafil for erectile dysfunction

Which of the following is considered an in vitro study?

Cytotoxicity assay in cultured cells

Which stage of drug development focuses on identifying the biological process responsible for a disease?

Hit Identification

Which property is NOT typically optimized during lead optimization?

Packaging

Which special preclinical study evaluates the potential of a compound to cause cancer?

Carcinogenicity study

High-throughput screening involves:

Robotic screening of compound libraries

Which of the following is an example of natural product discovery?

Paclitaxel from the Pacific Yew Tree

A molecule with promising biological activity that can be further optimized is called a:

Lead Compound

Which of the following activities belongs to commercialization?

Quality control and assurance

Who introduced antiseptic principles for use in surgery and post-traumatic injuries?

Joseph Lister

Which compound was used by Joseph Lister to reduce postsurgical infections?

Phenol

Which scientist is associated with the principle of selective toxicity?

Paul Ehrlich

An agent that kills or inhibits microorganisms when applied to living tissue is called a:

Antiseptic

Which of the following is applied to inanimate objects?

Disinfectant

What is the mechanism of action of alcohols as local anti-infectives?

Protein and carbohydrate denaturation

Which organism is used as the test organism for alcohols?

Staphylococcus aureus

Which alcohol concentration is most commonly used as an antiseptic?

70%

Commercial ethanol is commonly available at what concentration?

95%

Which alcohol is commonly known as rubbing alcohol?

Isopropyl alcohol

Ethylene oxide exerts its antimicrobial action primarily through:

Alkylation

Ethylene oxide is primarily used to sterilize:

Heat-sensitive medical equipment

Formalin contains not less than what percentage of formaldehyde?

37%

What is the principal use of formaldehyde solution?

Embalming agent

Which aldehyde is a 5-carbon dialdehyde?

Glutaraldehyde

Which organism is used in determining the phenol coefficient?

Salmonella typhi

At low concentrations, phenols act primarily by:

Protein denaturation

At high concentrations, phenols cause:

Cell membrane lysis

Which phenolic compound is also known as carbolic acid?

Phenol

Eugenol is obtained from:

Clove oil

The antimicrobial action of oxidizing agents is due to:

Liberation of oxygen

Hydrous benzoyl peroxide is used primarily for:

Acne

Which halogen-containing germicide is considered the oldest still in use today?

Iodine

Lugol's solution contains:

5% iodine in water with KI

Povidone-iodine is classified as a(n):

Iodophor

The active antimicrobial species in chlorine-containing compounds is:

HClO

Cationic surfactants are primarily:

Quaternary ammonium compounds

What is the mechanism of action of cationic surfactants?

Cell membrane destabilization and lysis

Which antibacterial biguanide is used for preoperative skin disinfection?

Chlorhexidine gluconate

Which preservative is contraindicated in neonates?

Benzyl alcohol

Mycology is the study of:

Fungi

Which type of fungal infection is commonly inhaled into the lungs?

Systemic

Opportunistic fungal infections are most likely to occur in:

Immunocompromised patients

Which fungal infection develops beneath the skin surface?

Subcutaneous

Dermatophytoses are classified as:

Cutaneous/superficial infections

Tinea pedis is commonly known as:

Athlete's foot

Tinea cruris affects the:

Groin

Tinea capitis affects the:

Scalp

Onychomycosis refers to:

Tinea unguium

Tinea barbae affects the:

Beard

Which fungal membrane sterol is a major antifungal target?

Ergosterol

Which fungal cell wall components are common antifungal targets?

Chitin and β-glucan

Which of the following is NOT listed as an antifungal target?

Protein synthesis

Sebum acts as a natural antifungal because it is:

Acidic and fatty

Propionic acid is naturally found in:

Perspiration

Zinc propionate is used as a fungicide in:

Adhesive tapes

Undecylenic acid is obtained from:

Castor oil

Which agent has traditionally been used for athlete's foot?

Undecylenic acid

Salicylic acid and resorcinol function primarily as:

Keratolytic antiseptics

Whitfield's Ointment contains benzoic acid and:

Salicylic acid

Phenolic topical antifungals act primarily by:

Disrupting membrane integrity

Which is a phenolic antifungal?

Haloprogin

Flucytosine inhibits:

DNA synthesis

The active metabolite of flucytosine is:

5-Fluorouracil

Flucytosine is synergistic with:

Amphotericin B

Polyenes primarily act by:

Disrupting fungal cell membranes

At low concentrations, polyenes are:

Fungistatic

Amphotericin B is produced by:

Streptomyces nodosus

The major adverse effect of Amphotericin B is:

Nephrotoxicity

Nystatin is commonly used for:

Local candidiasis

Natamycin ophthalmic suspension is used for:

Fungal keratitis

Griseofulvin acts as a:

Mitotic spindle poison

Which measure improves griseofulvin absorption?

Taking with fatty meals

Allylamines inhibit:

Squalene epoxidase

Allylamines are fungicidal against:

Dermatophytes

The prototype allylamine is:

Naftifine

Which allylamine is used orally for onychomycosis?

Terbinafine

Which drug is active against superficial tinea infections but is NOT an allylamine?

Tolnaftate

Azoles inhibit:

Lanosterol 14α-demethylase

Azoles represent:

The largest class of antifungals

Which imidazole is commonly used for vulvovaginal candidiasis?

Clotrimazole

Which imidazole exhibits anti-androgenic effects?

Ketoconazole

Ketoconazole absorption is best under:

Acidic pH

Terconazole is primarily used for:

Vulvovaginal moniliasis

Which triazole has increased bioavailability with food?

Itraconazole

Which antifungal is the drug of choice for cryptococcal meningitis?

Fluconazole

Which azole readily penetrates the CSF?

Fluconazole

Which triazole has broad-spectrum activity against many fungi?

Voriconazole

Echinocandins inhibit:

β-(1,3)-D-glucan synthase

Which of the following is an echinocandin?

Caspofungin

Which statement best describes viruses?

Obligate intracellular parasites containing either DNA or RNA

Which is the correct sequence of the viral infectious process?

Attachment → Penetration → Replication → Assembly → Release

Acyclovir is a structural analog of:

Guanosine

Which antiviral is considered the drug of choice for genital herpes?

Acyclovir

Acyclovir is commonly used in the treatment of:

Chickenpox and shingles

Which antiviral is considered the drug of choice for CMV retinitis?

Ganciclovir

Which antiviral may be combined with antiretroviral drugs in the treatment of HIV?

Foscarnet

Amantadine and rimantadine exert their antiviral activity by:

Interfering with M2 protein-mediated penetration

Amantadine and rimantadine are used primarily for:

Influenza A prophylaxis

Which antiviral agent also possesses anti-Parkinson's disease activity?

Amantadine