Biol1010 exam 3

Understand the levels of organization in the human body, from simplest to most

complex:

homeostasis

maintaining a stable internal environment

Negative feedback

Reverses a change to maintain homeostasis

Positive feedback

Amplifies a response

Integumentary

Protection, temperature regulation, water retention, sensation, vitamin D

synthesis, and excretion

Skeletal

Support, movement, protection, mineral storage (calcium and phosphorus), and

blood cell production

Muscular

Movement, posture, respiration, heat production, communication, and

movement of substances through organs

Nervous

Rapid communication and coordination, sensory processing, movement,

memory, and regulation of body functions

Cardiovascular

Circulation of blood, oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste; protection and

temperature regulation

Urinary

Filters blood, removes toxins and waste, and regulates water balance

Digestive

Digestion, nutrient absorption, and waste removal

Respiratory

Gas exchange and oxygen delivery to the body

Endocrine

Hormonal regulation of metabolism, growth, development, reproduction, and

homeostasis

Axial

Skull, vertebral column, middle ear ossicles, hyoid bone, and thoracic

cage

Appendicular

Pectoral and pelvic girdles and limbs

Know the major functions of the skeletal system

including support, protection,

movement, mineral storage, and hemopoiesis

Skeletal muscle

Voluntary, movement, attached to bone

Smooth muscle

Involuntary, movement, moves things through body, digestive,

reproductive, and urinary processes

Cardiac muscle

Involuntary, heart function

Fast-twitch

Produce powerful, rapid contractions

Slow-twitch:

More endurance and resistance to fatigue

Central nervous system (CNS)

Brain and spinal cord

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

Nerves outside the brain and spinal cord

Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

Regulates involuntary body functions

Sympathetic

Fight-or-flight response

Parasympathetic

Rest-and-digest response

Know the four lobes of the cerebral cortex

frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital

Know the three meninges

dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater

now that pulmonary arteries carry

deoxygenated blood and pulmonary veins carry

oxygenated blood

Understand the role of circulation in transporting

oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and

waste

Understand how the urinary system filters

blood and removes toxins and waste

Major functions digestive system

digestion, nutrient absorption, and waste elimination

The small intestine

is the primary site of nutrient absorption

The large intestine

reabsorbs water and stores waste before elimination

Understand that some viruses and bacteria are beneficial,

such as members of the gut

microbiome and bacteriophages

Neutrophils

Engulf and destroy pathogens through phagocytosis

Macrophages

Engulf pathogens and cellular debris; also participate in antigen

presentation

Monocytes

Circulating white blood cells that can develop into macrophages

Mast cells

Release histamines and contribute to inflammation and allergic

responses

Natural killer (NK) cells

Destroy infected and cancerous cells

Know the major characteristics of inflammation

Increased blood flow

Swelling

Heat

Pain

Humoral immunity

Involves B cells and antibody production

Cell-mediated immunity:

Involves T cells that target infected or foreign cells

Neutralization

Prevent pathogens or toxins from binding to target cells

Opsonization

Tag pathogens for destruction by phagocytic cells.

Complement activation:

Triggers a cascade that can destroy pathogens.

B cells:

Recognize antigens and become activated.

Plasma cells

Produce and release antibodies

Memory B cells

Allow a faster response if the same antigen is encountered

again

MHC I

Identifies the body's own cells

MHC II

Presents foreign antigens to helper T cells

Helper T cells

Coordinate and activate humoral and cell-mediated immune

responses.

Cytotoxic T cells

Destroy infected cells.

Memory T cells

Allow a faster response during subsequent exposure to the

same antigen.

Rheumatoid arthritis:

Immune system attacks joint linings

Multiple sclerosis (MS)

Immune system attacks the covering of nerve cells

Type 1 diabetes

Immune system attacks insulin-producing pancreatic cells

Graves' disease

Autoimmune disruption of thyroid function

Celiac disease

Immune response to gluten damages tissues in the small

intestine