Bio 107 test 3

Central DOgma

of mc biology genetic information flos in one direction, from DNA to Rna to protien

WHat is mc evolutuion central dogma

DNA-Transcription- RNA-Translation-Protein

Modify central dogma?

Coding DNA- Transcription-mRNA- Tranlastion- protein

What is coding DNA?

Genotype—genes

What is protein?

phenotype

What is a gene

section of DNA that codes for a protein

what is the prduct of gene expression

Protein

what do protein determine

traits of organism

What is a non codign region

DNA region which dont code

What do non coding region influence

if/when the gene is expressed

what is the genome?

the complete set of genetic material in an organism

what is the entire genome?

every cell

how is the genome expresssed

differently in the different cells

how many chromosome do we have

46 chromosome

how much is the diploid human genome

~6.2×10^9

in a graph measuring the genome of animals what does a longer line indicate?

a longer line indicates more variability among organism in the group

What is the haploid genome

3×10^9

in a graph measuring the genome of animals what is the scale

Logarithmic increased by 10

Why is there so much variation in genome size?

most of the variation in genome size is due to differences in the amount of non-coding DNA

HOw does non-coding DNA control genome size

some organism have large amounts of these sequences, which increase genome size without adding more protein-coding genes.

what is molecular evolution

evolutionary changes at the level of the DNA sequence

how is the allele passed on

if the individual carrying it survives and reproduces

what is meiosis

the process that creates gametes that only have 23 chromosomes

Why can individuals get dif alleles

because gamates are not identical

mistakes can happen when DNA repilicated

true

What is coding transcribed to

mRNA

What does the process of transcription relie on

the mRNA

what is a codon

a series of 3 nuceluotide that code for a specific amino acid

Is the genetic code redundant

yes amino acids are coded for by multiple condons

is the genetic code unambiguous

yes eacu codon code for only ONE amino acid

kwhat is synonymous substitution

change in the gentic sequence but produces the same acmino acid, does not affect protein function

What are non-synonymos substituution

charnge in the gentic sequence resulting in a difrent amino acid

What doe non-synonymous substition do in evolution

usually deleterious but can be selectively advantageous or neutral

Point mutation

change in a single nucleotide in a DNA sequence

what are most point mutationos due too?

errors during DNA replication (spontatnuos mutation)

Other mutations come from

Chemical or mechanical errors (unspontaneuos mutation)

Chromosomal mutation

a sequnce a the DNA is duplicated or an entire gene

what do most chromosomal mutation result in

non-viable gametes (not passed down to the next generatioin

inversion

a segmet of the chromosome in replication and when the cell tryies to fix it flips the segment

genetic variation

the raw material fro natural selection

Mutations may be

Lethal -not passed on to offspring

mutations can be deleterious

can be passsed on to offsrping reduces fitness

mutations can be advantageous

can be passed on to offspring - selective advantage may become fixed in the population (the only allele present for a trait)m

Mutation can be neutral

can be passed on to offsring

3 mechanism that generate new genotypes

sexual reproduction, lateral gene transfer, gene duplication

MIosis

dipliod cell to a hapliod gamete

every gamate has a

difreence hapliod genotypes

2 gamates join together —fertilization

dipliod zygote

combien homolougiouse

to give rise to possible new genotype

how long ago did the sexual reproduction appear

2 billion years ago

sexual repro advantages

new gene combinations tha increase evolutionary potential (repsond to the environment…); large diversity genotype combination

Sexual Repro disadvantages

recombination can break up beneficial combinations of genes; reduces overall reproductive rate compareed to asexual reproduction (Only the half of the population can reproduce offspring)

Lateral gene transfer

genetic material is transfer from one organism to another

what is most comon organism for lateral gene transfer

in bacteria

uncommon lateral gene transfer

eukaryotes, maybe sometime in plants

1st implication for lateral gene trasfer

introduce new gentic materail and triats, increaseing genetic diversity more quickly that random mutation

2st implication for lateral gene trasfer

allows organism to quickly adapt to new environment or challenges

1st implication for lateral gene trasfer

abundant throughout the history of life, and can lead to complex genomic patterns

Lateral Gene transfer mechanism

specias may pick up DNA fragments direclty from the enironment; genes may be tranferred to a new host through a virus; hybridization results in the transfer of many genes between related specias

what did lateral gene transfer give rise to

mitochondria and chloroplast in eukaryotes

how did lateral gene transfer give rise to mitochondria and eukaryotes

1.5 biliions years ago, prokaryotes engulfed other prokaryotes that prefomed specialized cellular function

gene duplication

one or more extra copies of a DNA segmentation are produced

Possible outcome for gene duplication

both copies orignial function, which can increase the amount of genes products; gene expression may be diverge in different tissues or at different times in development; one copy may accumulate deleterious mutation and become a functionless pseudogene; one copy retains original fucntion, the other changes and evolves a new function

Pseudogene

mutations in non-coding sequences cause gene not to be expresse, or mutation in the coding sequences that lead to a nonfuntctional protein

Hwat is the succes of angiosperms attributed too

innovations associated with whole genome duplication