Usec 4.2

Cryptology

Science of encryption; encompasses cryptography and cryptanalysis[cite: 2]

Cryptography

Involves making and using codes to secure messages.[cite: 2]

Cryptanalysis

Involves cracking or breaking encrypted messages back into their unencrypted origins.[cite: 2]

Bit stream cipher

Each plaintext bit is transformed into cipher bit one bit at a time.[cite: 2]

Block cipher

Message is divided into blocks, and each is transformed into encrypted block of cipher bits using algorithm and key.[cite: 2]

Monoalphabetic substitution

Uses only one alphabet during encryption process.[cite: 2]

Polyalphabetic substitution

More advanced; uses two or more alphabets.[cite: 2]

Vigenère cipher

Advanced substitution cipher that uses simple polyalphabetic code; made up of 26 distinct cipher alphabets.[cite: 2]

Transposition Cipher

Rearranges values within a block to create ciphertext.[cite: 2]

Exclusive OR (XOR)

Function of Boolean algebra; two bits are compared and binary result is generated.[cite: 2]

Vernam Cipher

Uses a set of characters once per encryption process.[cite: 2]

Hash Functions

Mathematical algorithms used to confirm specific message identity and that no content has changed.[cite: 2]

Symmetric Encryption

Requires same “secret key” to encipher and decipher message; also known as private-key encryption.[cite: 2]

Asymmetric Encryption

Also known as public-key encryption; uses two different but related keys.[cite: 2]

Public-Key Infrastructure (PKI)

Integrated system of software, encryption methodologies, protocols, legal agreements, and third-party services enabling users to communicate securely.[cite: 2]

Nonrepudiation

The process that verifies the message was sent by the sender and thus cannot be refuted.[cite: 2]

Digital Certificates

Electronic document/container file containing key value and identifying information about entity that controls key.[cite: 2]

Steganography

“Art of secret writing”; most popular modern version hides information within files that contain digital pictures or other images.[cite: 2]

Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) protocol

Uses public key encryption to secure channel over public Internet.[cite: 2]

Internet Protocol Security (IPSec)

An open-source protocol framework for security development within the TCP/IP family of protocol standards.[cite: 2]