Psych flashcards stuff idk

Brain

• Organises integrates and interprets info from rest of the body 

• Process sensory info from spinal cord

• Decides motor responses and transmits then to spinal cord

ens roles

• Primary role- regulate function of the gastrointestinal tract

• Detects the condition of gastrointestinal tract

• Nutrition management 

• Provide output for gut movement 

• Interact with immune and endocrine systems located in the gut 

• Purpose of spinal reflex

• faster response to avoid tissue damage

• Receptor sites

• protein molecules on the end of dendrites that receive neurochemicals

• Synaptic vesicle

• sac that holds neurotransmitters, in the axon terminal 

• Axon terminal

• →fibres that branch from the end of presynaptic neuron to release message into synaptic gap

action potential

• neural impulse that is sent away from the dendrite, through axon until it reaches axonterminal, electrical

no GABA leads to

• None: uncontrolled activation, can lead to seizures

GABA roles

• slow neural transmission, and fine tune neural transmission

too much glutamate results in

• too much→ overexcitation of receiving neuron

what reduced and excessive levels of serotonin result in

• Reduced levels- anxiety disorders 

• Excessive- serotonin disorder caused by drugs

dopamine functions

• Reward based learning, addictions

• Coordinates smooth functioning of body's muscles

high levels of dopamine’ can lead to

schitzophrenia

neuromodulators characteristics

→ enhance inhibitory or excitatory effect of neurotransmitters

→ widespread effect

→slower acting\

→can act as a neurotransmitter

sprouting

• Formation of new spindles from dendrites and axons 

rerouting

• Creates alternate pathways 

pruning

• Elimination of weak, unused synapse 

• Way of fine-tuning brain neural circuit

during LTP there is an increase of

• Increase in glutamate 

• Increase receptor sensitivity 

• Increase structural changes of synapse (sprouting)

Similarities in LTP and LTD

• Experience/ activity dependent 

• Involves glutamate (LTP- high LTD- low)

• Occur at glutamate synapse 

• Involve change in excitability 

• Forms of long lasting neuroplasticity

LTP define

• Long lasting strengthening of neural pathways due to high frequency of repeated coactivation 

LTD definition

• Long lasting weakening of neural pathways due to lower frequency of coactivation 

LTD and pruning

synapses that undergo LTD are likely to be pruned

LTP and sprouting

• Synapse that undergo LTP are likely to have sprouting at them

LTP and rerouting

• pathways that have been rerouted are likely to experience LTP

______ will increase before freeze starts 

Sympathetic

Freeze response reasons and summary

• When freeze is initiated energy conserving actions of parasympathetic becomes dominant 

• Results in state of high arousal for both sympathetic and parasympathetic 

• May feel sympathetic effects while being frozen as to preserve energy parasympathetic freezes muscles

adaptive role of cortisol

• increase blood sugar levels, energise body, improve metabolism

risks of prolong cortisol exposure

• suppresses immune system, stress on organs so increase risk of serious illness and disease such as increased heart attack and stroke risk, impaired cognitive performance, weight gain

how gut microbiota effects neurotransmitters

• Also involved in the production of some neurotransmitters in the brain, which can affect concentrations of related neurotransmitters in the brain such as GABA and serotonin 

altered gut microbiota may result in:

• lower concentration of GABA→ harder to slow neurotransmission etc so more severe emotional reactions, harder to calm down increase risk of anxiety, or

• 
  

• Serotonin- trouble regulating mood etc.

vagus nerve

• bundle of nerves embedded in the gastrointestinal tract that connects the cns to ens 

shock biological reaction, including nervous system dominance

• Biological→ decrease blood pressure, temperature drop, temporary loss muscle tone

• parasympathetic dominance

resistance stage- resistance to new and existing stressors

• Resistance to new stressor may decline 

nervous system dominance in resistance stage

• Sympathetic dominance 

GAS strengths

• Scenario is about biological response 

• Linking extended stress exposure to illness

• Linking stress to adaptive function and then prolonged stress to maladaptive

• Suggests predictable pattern that can be measured

GAS weaknesses:

• Talking about psychological perspective 

• Not account for individual difference between humans 

• Reliance on animal research studies so potentially limited relevance to human stress

primary appraisal process of appraisal

All stimuli 

• Benign positive 

• Irrelevant 

• Stress 

If decided its stress is it:

• Threat 

• harm/loss 

• Challenge

transactional strengths

• Shows stress as a result of decisions 

• Shows how we have an active part in stress

• Considers individual differences

transactional weaknesses

• Does not consider the biological factors 

• Says that we always have an active role in deciding what we stress about 

• Cannot easily be tested in experiment as stress is subjective 

• System looks formulaic when primary and secondary stages often occur simultaneously

factors that affect the effectiveness of consequences

1. order of presentation

2. timing

3. appropriateness of consequence

problem with punishment

• Problem with punishment is that learner may not always know what the good behaviour is 

order of presentation

• Consequence must be presented after behaviour  

timing

• Most effective when consequence given just after behaviour ‘

• So you associate the consequence with response without interference from other constraints

Appropriateness of reinforcement

• Any reinforcement must provide a pleasant consequence for the individual, thus be specific for individual 

• Punishment must provide an unpleasant consequence 

5 stages of social learning model

1. attention

2. retention

3. reproduction

4. motivation

5. reinforcement

reinforcement for observational learning

• Pleasant consequence must be obtained to strengthen the likelihood of repeating behaviour

• 
  

attention

• Actively watching models behaviour and consequences

country definition

• Refers to the land, water and skies to which aboriginals are connected through ancestral ties and family origin, it encompasses all entities that exist with this 

how is country multi model

• Country is multimodal as each entity has its own way of knowing and communicating 

how knowledge is multimodel + examples

• Different formats used to share knowledge, done through many different modes/ways, such as song, dance, stories, songlines

• Examples 

• Story sharing 

• Learning maps 

• Non-verbal 

• Symbols and images 

• Land links 

kinship definition

• defines how the person fits within their community and determines their responsibilities and connection to people and country

what kinship determines

• How people relate to each other and their surroundings 

• How one relates to each other through marriage, ceremony, funeral roles and behavioural patterns

how learning is embedded in kinship

• There is a bidirectional relationship between learner and teacher, the kinship structure dictates who knows what and who has access to what info 

• You may not just have a right to knowledge your earn it through the kinship structure 

how learning is embedded in kinship

• There is a bidirectional relationship between learner and teacher, the kinship structure dictates who knows what and who has access to what info 

• You may not just have a right to knowledge your earn it through the kinship structure 

in sensory memory info is held in its

original form

echoic duartion

3-4 seconds

so you can string a sentance together

iconic duration

0.2-0.4 seconds

in STM info is held

physically

elaborative rehearsal

• linking new info in a meaningful way with info already stored in memory

• Maintenance rehearsal

• verbally or nonverbaling repeat the word to yourself

retrieval

• Info is retrieved from LTM and being used  is transferred into STM

• Then back to LTM when its been used 

in LTM memorys are organised

systematically (with meaning)

chunking

• Grouping separate pieces of information into a larger single units 

• Increase capacity of STM because instead of 10 single units we group info together so you only have 3 larger single units

explicit LTM has

semantic and episodic

implicit LTM has

Classically conditoned memory

procedural memory

role of amygdala

• Helps enhance/ strengthen the encoding of emotionally significant LTM

• Encodes and retrieves implicit CC LTM

role of basal ganglia

• Encode, retrieve, store implicit procedural

• Refine movement 

• Role in habit formation

role of cerebellum

• Encoding and temporary storage of implicit procedural memories 

• Coordinates fine muscle movement, balance and posture, coordination, how to skills (with a skill sequence and timing)

• Episodic future thinking definition

• Projecting yourself forwards in time to pre-experience and event that might happen in your future

episodic future thinking draws upon

episodic and semantic memories

build up of tau causes ______ which leads to

• Build up of tau that causes neurofibulary tangles, inhibits that transmission of key nutrients resulting in death of neurons 

• Build up of amyloid plaques_____ neurons impairs synapse and ___

• outside and around neurons

• inhibit communication between neurons

Alzheimer's and autobiographical memory and episodic future thinking 

• Have trouble with mental imagery and episodic future thinking 

aphantasia- semantic mem, episodic

• No problem recalling semantic info 

• Have reduced vividness of episodic memories 

aphantasia- autobiographical memory and imagined futures

• Problems with autobiographical memory 

• Effects with imagined future events, suggesting strong visual imagery in retrieving autobiographical memories

acrostic

a phrase where the first letter of each word is a cue to help recall

method of loci steps

1. Learn in sequential order an easily distinguishable series of locations (memory palace)

2. Convert items to be remembered into mental images and link to well-known locations 

3. Revisit each place in sequence in its predetermined order, retrieving from each place the image associated with it

songlines are encoded through

• Encoding through listening, repeating, practicing

songlines defintion

• A sung narrative that forms a navigational route which links information is with a series  physical location on country 

songlines Elaborated through

• Navigation journey 

• Vivid narrative imagery and emotional story and content that activate amygdala for more vivid encoding 

• Melody and music 

• Encoding with dance

songlines stored through

• Within the networks of kinship relationships (people) and between places and entities within country that the song is about 

songlines retrieved through

• Cues such as melody, place on country, singing is a retrieval practise

NWC definition

• State of consciousness where we are awake and aware of our thoughts feelings, perceptions (internal stimuli) and surrounding environment (external stimuli)

• when researching sleep researchers rely on

• Info given my individual (e.g sleep diary)

• Behaviour demonstrate (e.g video monitoring)

• Physiological changes that can be measured (EEG, EOG, EMG)

psychological construct is

• Something we know exist but don't happen in a physical sense 

EMG throughout sleep

• Muscles progressively relax as we go into deeper stages of sleep

EMG in REM vs NREM (n3)

• REM- most relaxed

• NREM- progressively relax, n3- more relaxed then normal but not as much as in REM

video monitoring is usually in ____ making it more _____

mostly in sleep labs

artificial

video monitoring can help see

• See what your doing during nightmares/ nigh terrors

• Snoring 

• Breathing problems 

• Changes in body position 

• Amount of tossing and turning 

• Sleep-walking

circadian rhythem define

• Biological rhythm that occurs approximately every 24 hours, such as the sleep wake cycle 

ultradium rhythem define

• Cycle that is shorter than 24 hours

complete sleep cycle consists of and duration

• Period of NREM (transition between 3 stages, not necessarily all 3)

• Period of REM sleep

• Average length: 90 mins

• Brain activity ___ through REM

• slowly decreases

NREM sleep is responsible for

• Responsible for body recovery, removal waste and replenishing neurotransmitters

N3 characteristics

• Deep sleep

• AKA slow wave sleep

• Harder to wake

• Only lasts 3 cycles

REM sleep is more _____

• 2nd half of night has more REM then first half

REM sleep is responsible for

• consolidation of memories through strengthening neural connections

REM sleep is known as paradoxical sleep because

• Internal physiological response increases but externally sleeper seems relaxed (skeletal muscles)

• E.g eyeballs move quickly behind eyelid, brain activity similar to NWC

physiological response in NREM vs REM

NREM: decrease in HR, RR and body temp

REM: HR and RR higher than normal, slightly irregular

to look for in hypnogram

• Sleep cycle length and amount 

• Total sleep time 

• Sleep latency 

• Number of awakenings 

• How often they go into NREM 3

• Proportion of REM sleep