Anatomy: Lecture 7-9/Lab 9 -10 Objectives

What is the vertebral formula in dogs?

C7T13L7S3Cd20

What are the parts of a typical vertebra?

body, arch (4 parts), vertebral foramen, intervertebral foramen, and processes

What are the different processes on a vertebra?

spinous process, transverse process, cranial articular process, and caudal articular process

What is number 1?

Spinous Process

What is number 2?

Lamina

What is number 3?

Pedicle

What is number four?

Transverse Process

What is number 5?

Body

What is number 6?

Caudal articular process

What is number 7?

vertebral foramen

Where does the cervical vertebrae and thoracic vertebra interact with the ribs?

Cervical touch a rib head while thoracic articulate with rib tubercles

What is unique about the sacral vertebrae?

fused as the sacram

What is the range of caudal vertebrae that can be present?

20 to 23

What is the anatomic peculiarities of C1?

atlas: reduced body, transverse process (wings), and lateral vertebral foramina

What is the anatomic peculiarities of C2?

Axis: long spinous process and dens

What is the anatomic peculiarities of C6?

expanded ventral laminae on the transverse process

What is the anatomic peculiarities of C7?

articulates with 1st pair of ribs

What unique structure is only present in the cervical region?

transverse foramen

What is the anatomic peculiarities of T11?

Anticlinal vertebra because it is a radiographic landmark

The spinous process of T1 to T10 incline in which direction?

caudally

The spinous process of T12 and T 13 incline in which direction?

cranially

What are the two joints with special names?

alanto-occipital joint (b/w skull and atlas) and atlantoaxial joint ( b/w atlas and axis)

What type of joints are the alanto-occipital joint and alantoaxial joint?

synovial

the atlanto-occipital joint involves what structures?

occipital condyles of skull and atlas

What is the action of the alanto-occipital joint?

extension and flexion

the atlanto-axial joint involves which structures?

atlas and axis

What is the action of the alantoaxial joint?

rotary

Where are the intervertebral discs located?

found in joints that exist between adjacent vertebral bodies

What is the function of the intervertebral discs?

stabilize adjacent bony structures and act as cushions

What is the structure of intervertebral discs?

made of fibrocartilage and have an outer anulus fibrosus and an inner nucleus pulposus (soft interior)

What joints are present in C3-C6 and L1-L7?

2 cartilaginous joints at the end of each body, 2 synovial joints with right and left cranial articular processes, and 2 synovial joints with right and left caudal articular processes

How many joints does C7 have?

8 joints (gains two more with rib heads)

What joints are present in T1-T9?

12 joints: 2 joints at each end of body, 2 joints with right and left cranial articular process, 2 joints with right and left caudal articular processes, 2 joints with rib heads cranially, 2 joints with rib heads caudally, and 2 joints with rib tubercles at transverse processes

What are the different parts of a rib?

rib head, rib tubercle, and costal cartilage

Where do the rib heads articulate?

with vertebral bodies either at the joint with IV discs (1-10) or alongside one vertebral body (11-13)

Where do the rib tubercles terminate?

transverse processes of thoracic vertebrae (synovial)

Where does the costal cartilage of ribs articulate?

with the sternum or adjacent costal cartilages (synovial)

what is the joint associated with the proximal end of the typical rib?

costovertebral joint

the costovertebral joint is where what meets what?

head of rib meets vertebral body

what is the joint associated with the distal end of a typical rib where it meets the costal cartilage?

costochondral junction

the costotransverse joint is where what meets what?

rib tubercle meets transverse process

what is the joint associated with the distal end of a typical rib where it meets the sternum?

sternocostal joint

What ribs are classified as sternal?

first 9 rib pairs that articulates with the sternum

What ribs are considered costal arch?

asternal ribs 10-12 that touch the costal cartilage

asternal ribs have costal cartilages that do not what?

touch the sternum

What is a floating rib?

13th rib pair that contacts nothing

Why are T11-13 more susceptible to IVDD?

they are missing two articulations and the intercapital ligament

What are the four long ligaments of the vertebral column?

Dorsal longitudinal, ventral longitudinal, supraspinous, and nuchal ligaments

Where is the location and attachments of the dorsal longitudinal ligament?

inside the vertebral foramen and extends from C2 to the Sacrum

Where is the location and attachments of the ventral longitudinal ligament?

on the underside of the neck running from C2 to the sacrum

Where is the location and attachment of the supraspinous ligament?

on top of the spinous process from T1 to the sacrum

Where is the location, attachment, and function of the nuchal ligament?

on the back of the neck in cervical region from C2 to T1 and is made of elastic tissue to help muscles pull the head up

What are the short vertebral ligaments?

Infraspinous ligament, yellow ligament, and intercapital ligament

What is the function of the intraspinous ligament?

between the spinous processes and most prominent in the thoracic region

What is the function of the yellow ligament?

elastic tissue that is between the vertebral arch and functions as the indicator before you reach the spinal cord

What is the function of the intercapital ligament?

from rib head to rib head on rib heads 2-10

Where are the epaxial and hypaxial muscles in relation to the transverse process?

epaxial muscles are above the transverse process while hypaxial muscles are below the transverse process

What are the hypaxial muscles?

longus capitis, longus colli, sternocephalicus, sternohyoideus, and sternothyroideus

What hypaxial muscles or of the neck?

longus capitis, sternocephalicus,

What are the thoracic hypaxial muscles?

scalenus, serratus dorsalis cranialis, external intercostals, and inter intercostals

What hypaxial muscles are of the abdominal wall?

external abdominal obliques, linea alba, internal abdominal obliques, transversus abdominus, and rectus abdominus

What is the function of the hypaxial muscles of the neck?

pulls ribs cranially

What is the function of the hypaxial thoracic muscles?

pull ribs forward

which hypaxial muscles are responsible for inspiration?

scalenus, serratus dorsalis cranialis, external intercostals internal intercostals, and diaphragm

which hypaxial muscles are responsible for expiration?

serratus dorsalis caudalis

What is the muscle direction of the external intercostal muscles?

Caudoventrallly

What are the muscle fiber direction of the internal intercostal muscles?

cranioventrally

What are the three epaxial muscle systems?

Transversospinalis, Longissimus, and Iliocostalis

What are the actions of the epaxial muscles?

extend the vertebral column or flex it laterally

What are the attachments of the epaxial muscles?

Transversospinalis is from skull to sacrum, Longissimus extends from the skull to the ilium, and illiocostalis is from rib 1 to the ilium

What is the order form medial to lateral?

transversospinalis, longissimus, and iliocostalis

What is the visceral pleura?

pleura that originates form mesothelium that surrounds the lungs

What is the costal pleura?

pleura that lines the ribs

What is the mediastinal pleura?

pleura that lines the mediastinal

What is the diaphragmatic pleura?

lines the diaphragm

What is mesothelium lining the thoracic cavity?

pleura

What is mesothelium lining cavity surrounding the heart?

pericardium

What is mesothelium lining the abdominal and pelvic cavities?

peritoneum