Clin Chems need to knows!

ALT (found where and helps with)

In your liver and kidney! The best test to detect liver disease!

AST (found where and helps with)

Heart, liver, skeletal, muscle, kidney

ALP (found where and helps with)

Kidneys, liver, bone, placenta. Seen in Hepatobiliary or osteoblast disease! (can be high in kids and pregnant women!)

GGT (found where and helps with)

found in serum! Helps diagnose anything alco related, alco cirrhosis, etc

CK, CK-MM, CK-MB (found where and helps with)

Helps detect muscle dystrophy & myocardial infarctions

mm- skeletal muscle

B- brain

LD (found where and helps with)

Heart, liver, RBC, kidney & skeletal muscles….helps detect anemias and cancers!

AMY ( helps diagnose what?)

helps diagnose acute pancreatitis or salivary gland inflammation

LIP (helps diagnose what?)

Has a higher specificity to detect acute pancreatits!

Na+ ( what regulates it? what’s important bout it? how is it measured?)

Kidneys

Helps with muscles and our nerves

measured by ISE

What can cause Hypernatremia?

Severe dehydration or Cushing syndrome (too much sodium)

What causes Hyponatremia?

decreased intake, vomiting, diarrhea, fever, and ketoacidosis (too little sodium)

ISE

Helps measure electrolytes….can test RBC, serum, plasma, urine

K+

-Most abundant

-helps with muscle activity, nerve impulses

What causes Hyperkalemia, and what does it do to ya?? and what is artificial hyperkalemia

-Happens when K+ leaves cells faster then the kidneys can excerpt it!
-Dehydration, shock, metabolic or renal tubular acidosis

• can paralyze the heart muscle

Art- happens when platelets release K+ during the clotting process in hemolyzed specimens

What causes Hypokalemia, and what does it do to ya?

• leads to an irregular heartbeat

• caused by decreased intake, or too much throwing up, diarrhea, from GI and diuretic issues

Chloride shift

When Cl moves in or out of the RBC to stay balanced while helping transport CO2

metabolic acidosis ( what is is? What is the required blood pH for this? What causes it? What does the body do in response?)

• Too much acid or not enough base in your blood!

• Ph goes below 7.35

• Caused by diarrhea, kidney problems, or lactic acid build up

• Body will begin to breathe faster, and deeper to get rid of CO2 (hyperventilate)

Metabolic Alkalosis ( what is it? What is the required blood pH for this? What causes it? What does the body do in response?)

• Too much -H3O or too little acid in the blood

• Ph goes above 7.45

• Caused by vomiting or if too many antacids are taken (tums, peptobismal, etc)

• Body will try to breathe slower to hold onto CO2

Respiratory acidosis ( what is it? What is the required blood pH for this? What causes it? What does the body do in response?)

• Too much CO2 in blood (makes it acidic)

• If pH drops below 7.35

• Caused by slow breathing, lung disease, or airway blockages’

• Kidneys will keep more bicarbonate to neutralize the acid

Respiratory alkalosis ( what is it? What is the required blood pH for this? What causes it? What does the body do in response?)

• Too little CO2 in blood

• if pH is above 7.45

• caused by panic attacks, pain, or breathing too quick

• The kidneys will begin to remove HCO3 to bring down ph

What is the normal blood pH?

7.35 - 7.45!

What is Addison’s disease? (What two hormones does it involve? What will the body experience in response?)

• When the adrenal hormones are not doing their part

• It makes too little of cortisol and aldosterone

• High K, low na+ and blood pressure

What is Renal disease? ( How does it affect the body? what can build up in the body?)

• When kidneys are damaged or not working properly.

• High K and blood pressure! Even ANEMIA from low EPO resources

• Build up of fluid

What is Cushing’s disease? (how does the body respond?)

• when the body has too much cortisol!

• weight gain, high glucose and blood pressure

What is Hyperthyroidism? (what is the body’s response?)

• When thyroid makes too much of the thyroid hormone

• fast heartbeat, it lowkey just speeds up anything that your body does…it gives anxiety and stuff

What is the Normal range for Pco2?

35-45

What is the Normal range for Hco3-(bicarb)?

22-24

What is the Normal range for po2?

75-100