blood

blood

connective tissue

• transportation: delivers O2/CO2 + nutrients, removes waste (urea, creatinine, lactic acid)

• immune defense

• homeostasis (heat, pH, H2O)

• clotting

plasma

extracellular matrix containing dissolved substances

• suspends + circulates elements of blood

• 92% water

• 50%> of total blood volume

blood characteristics

• bright/dark red based on O2

• viscosity 5x than water

• avg pH = 7.4

• avg volume: 5

• avg temp: 38 degrees C

• 8% of body weight, inverse to body fat

hematocrit

percentage of RBCs in a blood sample

• erythrocyte: 42-52% (M), 37-47% (F)

• buffy coat: >1% WBCS + platelets

• require 38% to donate

albumin

most abundant plasma protein

• transport vehicle for fatty acids + steroid hormones

• osmotic pressure

globulin

plasma protein responsible for transport of iron, lipids, + fat-soluble vitamins

• immunity

• antibodies

fibrinogen

least abundant plasma protein

• blood clotting

• antigen

erythrocyte

element of blood responsible for transporting O2 to body tissue

• no organelles to save space for hemoglobin

• biconcave disk w/ thick edge + thin center → greater surface area for gas exchange + fit through capillaries

• anaerobic respiration to prevent O2 consumption

hemoglobin

four folded chains of protein (globin)

• each globin is bound to a red pigment molecule heme, which contains an ion of iron

• each iron in the heme can bind to one O2 molecule

oxyhemoglobin

hemoglobin + oxygen

deoxyhemoglobin

reduced hemoglobin; release of some of the O2 molecules

carbaminohemoglobin

hemoglobin + CO2

• can bind about 23-24% of the total CO2 transported through blood

hematopoeisis

formation of all blood cells

• hemocytoblasts + EPO

• controlled by several growth factors + hormones

hemocytoblast

stem cell found in red bone marrow used in hematopoiesis

erythropoietin

main hormone in hematopoiesis, produced by kidneys in response to low RBC count, hemoglobin, + O2 levels

• targets red bone marrow to raise levels

erythrocyte breakdown

cells replaced by macrophages, located w/in bone marrow, liver spleen

• span of 120 days

• globin → amino acids for reuse

• iron stored in liver/spleen

• non-iron degraded into the waste bilirubin

• bilirubin → liver to use for bile

• bilirubin → stercobilin in feces in LI

anemia

low oxygen carrying capacity

• low RBCS/hemoglobin

• blood loss, fault/decreased RBC, excessive destruction of RBC

sickle cell anemia

genetic disorder caused by mutated hemoglobin

• crescent shaped RBC

polycythemia

disorder caused by elevated RBC count + detected in hematocrit

• may occur transiently in dehydration: plasma volume falls from inadequate water intake or excessive loss

• normal in high altitudes

insufficient anemia

• hemorrhagic: excessive blood loss

• hemolytic: RBCs are destroyed prematurely

• aplastic: red bone marrow is destroyed/faulty

leukocyte

WBCs responsible for immune function

• granular: lobed nucleus, phagocytic, stain

• agranular: less-visible granules, simple nucleus

neutrophil

granular, multilobed, phagocytic WBC

• most common: 50-70%

• bacterial infection

eosinophil

granular WBC, 2-3 lobes w/ red to orange granules containing antihistamine molecules

• consume inflammatory chemicals + active immune complexes

• phagocytic against parasitic worms

• 2-4% of WBC count

basophil

granular, two-lobed WBC that releases histamine, which contributes to inflammation, and heparin to oppose blood clotting

• large dark granules, S-shaped nuclei

• >1% of WBC

lymphocyte

agranular, second most common WBC

• 20-30%

• immune response

• NK, T, + B cells

NK cell

lymphocyte responsible for recognizing cells that do not express “self” proteins

T cells

lymphocyte responsible for defense against specific pathogens like viruses and cancer

B cells

lymphocyte responsible for producing antibodies

monocyte

largest WBC with kidney-shaped nuclei

• 2-8%

• mature into macrophages that release antimicrobial chemicals that attract other leukocytes to site of infection

• phagocytosis of debris, pathogens, worn-out cells

• 
  

leukemia

cancer involving abundance of leukocytes

• chronic: mature WBCS accumulate + fail to die

• acute: overproduction of young WBCs

• cells do not function properly

platelet

fragment of cytoplasm of megakaryocyte

• small, numerous

• stop blood flow following damage to a vessel

hemostasis

process of repairing a damaged blood vessel to stop the bleeding and prevent hemorrhage

1. vascular spasms

2. platelet plug

3. coagulation

vascular spasms

first step in hemostasis, when blood vessels is damaged and loses blood

• smooth muscles constrict to lower blood loss + withdraws from injury site

platelet plug

second step of hemostasis

• platelets stick to injured vessel and transform to become spiky and sticky, forming a seal

• secrete chemicals to attract more platelets

coagulation

third step of hemostasis

• platelets + fibrin clump together to form clot

fibrin

form mesh-like structure that traps platelets to form blood clot

antigen

glycoprotein body identification marker on the surface of RBCs

• neutralized by antibodies

antibody

neutralize antigens

A-

• anti-B

• A antigen

• receive from: A-, O-

• donate to: A+, A-, AB+, AB-

A+

anti-B

antigen A, Rh

receive from: A+, A-, O-, O+

donate to: AB+, A+

B-

• anti-A

• B antigen

• receive from: B-, O-

• donate to: AB-, AB+, B-, B+

B+

• anti- A

• B, Rh antigen

• receive from: B+, B-, O+, O-

• donate to: AB+, B+

AB-

• no antibodies

• A, B antigens

• receive from: A-, B-, AB-, O-

• donate to: AB-, AB+

AB+

• no antibodies

• A, B, Rh antigens (universal recipient)

• receive from: All

• donate to: AB+

O-

• A, B antibodies

• no antigens (universal donor)

• receive from: O-

• donate to: All

O+

• A, B antibodies

• Rh antigen

• receive from: O+, O-

• donate to: A+, B+, AB+, O+

HDN

hemolytic disease of newborn

• occurs during transfusion of Rh incompatible blood

• mother is exposed to baby’s Rh+ cells and generates anti-Rh that can attack

• RhoGAM prevents development of anti-Rh