A&P lab (week 7)

Articulation

point at which two or more bones meet

Ligament

connects bone to bone

Tendon

connects muscle to bone

What are the three joint classifications according to movement?

• synarthrotic

allows no movement

• amphiarthrotic

allows some movement

• diarthrotic

freely moveable

What are the classifications of joints according to how they connect?

• bony

• fibrous

• cartilaginous

• synovial

Bony joint

immovable

contain two or more bones fused together

location: mandible, frontal bone, sternum, sacrum, coxa

Fibrous joints

immovable or slightly mobile

contain collagen fibers

ex. 3 types

Sutures

fibrous joint

immovable joint located in the skull

Gomphoses

fibrous joint

immovable joint binding teeth to mandible and maxillae

ex. held in place by periodontal ligament

Syndesmosis

fibrous joint

slightly moveable joint connecting radius-to-ulna and tibia-to-fibula

ex. held in place by interosseous membrane

Cartilaginous joints

immovable and slightly mobile

held together by cartilage

ex. 2 types

Synchondrosis

cartilaginous joint

immovable joint composed of hyaline cartilage

found within epiphyseal plates and rib 1-sternum

Symphyses

cartilaginous joint

slightly moveable joint composed of fibrocartilage

found within the pubic symphysis and intervertebral discs

Synovial joints

freely moveable joints

held together by a joint capsule

ex. most complex

What are the two layers of the joint capsule?

• outer fibrous capsule

• inner synovial membrane (secretes synovial fluid)

Which type of cartilage lines the ends of bones within the joint capsule?

articular cartilage (hyaline)

Bursae

sacs of synovial fluids

function: reduce friction between surfaces

Menisci

located within the knee

pads of fibrocartilage

function: keep the bones aligned

What are the synovial joint supported by?

• tendons

• ligaments

ex. both composed of dense regular connective tissue

Elbow

What are the three joints of the elbow?

• humerus to ulna

• humerus to radius

• radius to ulna

ex. two hinge and one pivot

Humerus to ulna joint

Hinge joint

Ulnar collateral ligament

fibers straight up and down

connects humerus to ulna

Radial collateral ligament

connects humerus to radius

Annular ligament

fibers arranged horizontally

connects radius to ulna

Humerus to ulna

hinge joint

Radius to ulna

pivot joint

Shoulder joint

ex. most freely moveable

What type of joint is the shoulder joint?

ball and socket joint

ball is head of humerus

socket is glenoid cavity

What is the most freely moveable joint?

the shoulder

What are the four tendons of the rotator cuff?

• supraspinatus

superior

• infraspinatus

inferior

• teres minor

within armpit

• subscapularis

anterior

What is the function of a labrum?

increases depth

Knee

What is the most complex and stressed joint?

the knee

What are the two joints of the knee?

• tibia to femur

• patella to femur

Tibia to femur

hinge joint

Patella to femur

plane joint

What are the four major ligaments of the knee?

• medial collateral ligament (tibial)

• lateral collateral ligament (fibular)

• anterior cruciate ligament

• posterior cruciate ligament

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)

Posterior cruciate ligament

Tibial collateral ligament (MCL)

Fibular collateral ligament (LCL)

Patellar ligament

Quadriceps femoris tendon

ex. connects quadriceps muscles to patella

Medial meniscus

Lateral meniscus

Meniscus

pads of fibrocartilage cushioning joints and keeping bones aligned

Hips

What is the hips type of joint?

ball and socket joint

ball is head of femur

head is acetabulum of coxa

What are the three major ligaments of the hip?

• iliofemoral

• pubofemoral

• ischiofemoral

Iliofemoral ligament

ilium to femur

Pubofemoral ligament

pubis to femur

Ischiofemoral ligament

ischium to femur

Round ligament

part of hip joint

attaches acetabulum to head of femur

Flexion vs. extension

flexion decreases angle

extension maintains anatomical angle

Hyperextension

movement past or behind anatomical position

Abduction vs. adduction

abduction moves away from midline

adduction moves towards midline

Rotation vs. circumduction

rotation moves the joint

circumduction keeps joint stable and moves body part

Supination vs. pronation

refers to hands and forearms

supination is anatomical position

pronation is reverse of anatomical position

Protraction vs. retraction

protraction brings body forward

retraction brings body backward

Elevation vs. depression

elevation moves body up

depression moves body downward

Inversion vs. eversion

refers to ankles and feet

inversion moves soles together

eversion moves soles apart

Dorsiflexion vs. plantar flexion

refers to ankles and feet

dorsiflexion moves toes upward

plantar flexion standing on tiptoes

How is the tendon of the biceps brachii located?

the tendon enters into the glenoid cavity and supports the joint anteriorly