PHL 354 Final Exam

Quantum vacuum state

The lowest energy state of a quantum field, often described as ‘nothing’ in quantum field theory.

Fundamental in quantum field theory

The basic principles or elements that govern the behavior of quantum fields.

Krauss’ understanding of ‘nothing’

Krauss describes ‘nothing’ not as an absence, but as a complex quantum vacuum state.

Krauss on how vs. why questions

Krauss emphasizes that science addresses ‘how’ questions rather than existential ‘why’ questions.

Cosmological Argument

An argument for the existence of God based on the existence of the universe.

Sophie’s Ontological Argument

An argument for the existence of God based on the concept of the most perfect conceivable being.

Problems with the notion of ‘perfection’

Challenges arise when trying to define ‘perfection’ in a meaningful way.

Existence is not a property

The claim that existence itself cannot be treated as a property of beings.

Gaunilo’s perfect mountain example

An objection to Anselm's argument, illustrating that just because we can conceive of perfection does not mean it exists.

Inductive Version of the Design Argument

An argument suggesting that the complexity of the universe indicates a designer.

Dawkins’ objection to the Design Argument

Dawkins argues that natural selection provides a better explanation for complexity than an intelligent designer.

The Fine-Tuning Argument

An argument asserting that the universe's fundamental parameters are set exactly right for life.

The Problem of Evil

A philosophical issue questioning how evil can exist if an all-powerful, all-good God exists.

Hume’s definition of a miracle

A violation of the laws of nature that is exceptional and reported by credible observers.

C. S. Lewis’ definition of a miracle

An event that interrupts the regularity of nature and signifies a divine action.

The Guadalupe miracle

A reported miraculous event involving apparitions of the Virgin Mary in Mexico.

Pascal’s Wager

A pragmatic argument for believing in God, weighing the potential outcomes of belief versus disbelief.

Decision theoretic principle of rationality

A principle that suggests individuals should choose the option with the highest expected utility.