Materials & Methods II Midterm

Buildings are …, somewhat complex structures that respond to and are influenced by a variety of ….

large / exterior and interior forces

Learn to build…

is a lifelong endeavor

What do we encounter/experience as both a noun and verb?

dwelling

What are tectonics?

the science and art of construction

What does tectonics refer to?

the activity that raises construction to an art form

What are our building decisions are based on?

user need/function, site/climate conditions, availability of materials, availability of technology

tectonic

construction that is light or delicate with more pieces/layers

stereotomic

heavy, solid, stone-like, well-anchored

……. or …….. is the movement of air into and out of buildings

Stack effect / chimney effect

Northern light

all reflected light, no heat view, studios

Southern light

intense but controllable everywhere

Eastern light

low, morning, bad angles, bedroom

Western light

low, evening, bad angles, living room

What are the external conditions?

topo/soil/plants, air movement, light & shadow (sun) and heat, precipitation including snow, legal restrictions, view (ext and inter), site access

What are the internal conditions?

use (function), user’s needs, human comfort, views (ext and inter)

What are the common/typical structural types?

light wood frame, steel or concrete frame, bearing walls (CMU, stone concrete)

Where are columns or bearing walls usually found?

where beams intersect, or heights change

The … the bay, the … the spans, the … the beams

bigger, farther, deeper

depth of beam … as span …

increases, increases (beams are deeper than they are wide)

Rule of thumb for beam sizing

span (feet) / 2 = beam depth (inches) —> 50’/2=25”

Trusses

allow for longer spans with less material than solid beams

What’s the key to trusses?

triangle

Space frame truss

transfer beam

larger beam transfers loads between different bay sizes

cantilever

a structure supported at one end

typical building components

1. foundation & structure

2. substrate / sheathing

3. skin & water resist membrane

4. interior partitions and finish

5. mech, elec, plumb (MEP) and insulation

Shallow foundation

slab on grade

Deep foundation

pilings or caissons

How is lateral stability accomplished?

rigid frames, shear walls, and/or braced frames

Order of construction

1. excavate site/utilities

2. foundations

3. structure/frame

4. interior partitions

5. exterior enclosure

6. M.E.P.

7. exterior final skin

8. interior finishes

order of architecture office design steps

0. pre-design

1. schematic design

2. design development

3. construction documents

4. bidding

5. construction administration (CA)

What’s the average lifespan of an office building?

50-60 years

light wood frame

look carefully to tell difference between structural support walls and enclosure walls, walls ready to support material

Mass Timber

columns, beams, and panels make frames or bearing walls

Bearing Walls

(CMU, stone, concrete) needs additional wall layers for materials, insulation, and MEP

Steel/Concrete Frame

large grids need to be filled in (both floors and walls) secondary structure needed for support

gaps allow us to deal with the … and … of construction

messiness, imprecision

1

top plates

2

Cripple stud

3

double header with plywood spacer

level

measure of true in the horizontal

plumb

measure of level or true in the vertical

1

header

2

head jamb

latch jamb

4

adjustable two-piece jamb

5

hinge

7

hinge jamb

8

king stud

Why do gaps exist?

materials are modular, materials need room to move, materials have different tolerances, systems reach different boundaries of building, rough materials damage, and aesthetic and appearance issues

Why are exterior gaps a problem?

water and air infiltration

How do you resolve gaps?

fill it (sealant, caulk, mortar, gaskets) cover it (in front, behind, overlap, interlock)

What holds tile to wall?

mortar

What fills gaps?

grout

Strategies for resisting water

Wash, Overhang drip & notch, and drain & weep

Wash

slope given to a horizontal surface to drain water away

Overhang & Drip

a projecting overhang with a groove underneath, the projection keeps water away

Drain & weep

an internal system of surfaces that shed water to exterior openings, also collects condensation

curtain wall

covers the structure

storefront

frames sit within structure

Building industry constraints

contractors and subcontractors, manufacturers and suppliers

Legal constrains

building codes, zoning and local ordinances

Design/Bid/Build

where the design and construction are separate contracts, the project is designed by the architects, and then advertised for construction companies to bid the project

Design - build

where one entity the “design build” team, works under a single contract with the owner to provide design and construction services

Single purpose entity

where the owner, architect, and general contractor are all joint members shring rish and reward

Gantt chart

separate task into sequential order w/ time-frame

What were the first laws and building codes?

code of Ur-Namuu and code of Hammurabi

What cities wrote building codes in response to devastating fires?

London, New York, and Chicago

Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)

mandates accessibility via minimum standards for ramps, railings, elevators, plumbing fixtures, doors and openings

Accessible route

continuous, unobstructed path connecting all accessible elements and spaces in a building

ADA

• min. wheelbari area = 30” x 48”

• maneuvering = 5’-0” diam circle

• min. clear width = 36”

• ramp = 1:12 (1’ rise for 12’ run)

Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA)

assures safe, healthful working conditions by setting and enforcing standards and providing training

What do architects have to do be they can start building?

submit plans for review before a building permit will be issued

means of egress

continuous and unobstructed path of exit travel from point in building to a public way

What are the 3 parts of egress?

exit access, exit, exit discharge

How many means of egress do floors need?

2

The distance between exits cannot be and closer together than _ the diagonal of the entire floor

1/2

maximum travel distance

distance from the most remote point in a room to the nearest exit stair door

What stair is not a egress stair?

monumental or “open stair”

How high should handrails be mounted?

34” - 38”

dead-end corridors

corridor that does not lead to an exit

50-500 people in a room

needs two exit doors that swing in the direction of egress

What are buildings categorized by?

occupancy group, occupancy load, construction type

What do the building categories determine?

building area and height limitations, minimum number of exits, fire ratings of construction assemblies

non-separated occupancy

use the most restrictive requirements for the entire building

separate occupancy

each “building” conforms to its required codes and is fire separated from the next “building”

Type I

the most fire resistant and includes masonry, reinforce concrete, and fire protected steel

Type V

the least fire resistant such as buildings framed with small wood members

fire resistance ratings

specify the time in hours and fractions of an hour that a material or assembly will resist fire exposure

zoning ordinances

govern which activities may take place on a certain site, also limits the size and location of the building on the site… function, density, and some safety

Who determines the local zoning ordinances?

determined locally, at the city or parish level

How many non-family members can live in a house if the homeowner lives there?

3

How many non-family members can live in a house if the homeowner doesn’t live there?

2

setback

distance a building must be placed from a property line

FAR

floor area ratio; ratio of gross floor area within a structure to areaa of site

variance

permission to deviate from zoning regulations

easement

right of one party to use the property of another party

What are some types of foundations?

retaining walls, shallow foundations: piers, slabs, & basements, deep foundations: caissons and piles

dead load

sum of the weights of the building itself