bte 423 test 1

database

a shared integrated computer structure storing a collection of end user data and meta data

end user data

raw facts of interests to the end user

meta data

data about data, describing data characteristics and relationships that integrates/manages the database

database design

the activities focusing on the design of the databse structure that will be used to store and manage end-user data

data processing specialist / DP specialist

person hired to create a computer based system that would track data and produce required reports

Database management system / DBMS

collection of programs that manages the database structure and controls access to the data stored, serving as an intermediary between the end user and the data base itself

query

specific SQL request to the DBMS that must be executed

Ad hoc query

spur of the moment question, often shorter/simpler than a regular query

query result set

the answer the DBMS sends back to the application

business intelligence

comprehensive approach to capture and process business data, with the purpose of generating information to support business decision making

unstructured data

data existing in its original or raw state, such as PDFs, images, or videos

structured data

formatted data that minimizes storage, often tables or spreadsheets

semi structured data

data that has been processed to some extent, usually formatting tags

field

character or group of characters that has a specific meaning, used to define and store data

record

a logically connected set of one or more fields that describes a person, place or thing

file

a collection of related records

structural dependence

access to a file depends on its structure / type

structural independence

ability to change a file structure without affecting the application’s ability to access the data

data dependence

the quality that data access programs must be changed when any of the files data characteristics/type change

data independence

ability to change data storage characteristics without affecting the program’s ability to access the data

logical data format

format how the human views the data

physical data format

format how the computer must work with the data

islands of information

siloed data scattered in different locations

data redundancy

when the same data is stored unnecessarily at different places

data integrity

the condition in which th edata in the databse in consistent with real world events and conditions

accurate and verifiable

what are the two conditions of data integrity?

accurate

condition of having no inconsistencies in the data

verifiable

condition that data will always yield consistent results

data anomolies

when not all the required changes in the redundant data are made successfully

single user database

database supporting only one user at a time

desk top database

single user databse that runs on a personal computer

multiuser database

database supporting multiple users at the same time

work group database

multiuser database supporting a relatively small group of users or a specific department

enterprise database

database used by the entire organization and supports up to hundreds of users

centralized database

database supports data located a single site

distributed database

database supporting data distributed across several different sites

cloud database

database created and maintained using cloud services

General purpose database

database containing a wide variety of data used in multiple disciplines

discipline specific databse

database containing data focused on specific subject matter

operation database

database designed to support a company’s day to day operations

data warehouse

specified database storing data in a format optimized for decision support

online analytical processing (OLAP)

a set of tools that work together to provide an advanced data analysis environment for retrieving, processing, and modeling data from a data warehouse

XML database

database supporting storage and management of semi structured data

extensive markup language (XML)

language used to represent and manipulate data elements in a text format

no SQL database

database designed to handle high volumes, variety, and velocity data operations - often used for social media

social media

web and mobile technologies that enable “anywhere, anytime, always on”

data

raw facts that have not been processed to reveal their meaning to the end user

information

the result of processing raw data to reveal its meeaning

accurate, relevant, and timely

what are the 3 elements needed for good information?

knowledge

the body of information and facts about a specific subject - implying familiarity, awareness, and understanding of information as it applies to an environment

operating system software

software managing all hardware components, making it possible for all other software to runon the computer

DBMS software

software managing databases within the database system

procedures

the instructions and rules that govern the design and use of the database system

performance tuning

making the database perform more effciently in terms of storage usage and access speed

query language

non procedural language that lets the user specifiy what to do whithout having to say how

structured query language (SQL)

de facto query language and data access standard supported by most DBMS vendors

data modeling

iterative process of creating a specific data model for a set problem domain

data model

relatively simple, usually graphical, representation of more complex data structures

description of data structure, enforceable rules, data manipulation methodology

what are the 3 elements of implementation ready data models?

entity

a person, place, thing, concept, or event about which data will be collected and stored, representing a particular type of object in the real world

business rule

brief and precise description of a policy, procedure, or principle within a specific organization

schema

a logical group of database objects, usually tables and indexes, that relate to each other. conceptual organization of the entire database as viewed by the database administrator

subschema

defines the portion of the database “seen” by the application programs that actually produce the desired information from the data within th edatabase

data manipulation language

language defining the environment in which data can be managed, and works and processes the data in the database

relation

a table

tuple

each row in a relation representing a unique identity

relational database management system

programs that manage a relational database and hides the complexities of the relational model from the user

end user interface, collection of tables stored, SQL enginge

what are the 3 elements of the RDBMS?

entity relationship model / ERM

data model describing relationships (1:1, 1:M, M:N) amongst entties at the conceptual level through diagrams

entity relationship diagram / ERD

diagram depicting an ERM’s entities and relations using Crow’s foot notation.

object

an abstract representation of a real world entity containing data, their relationships, and their operations

class

a collection of similar objects with shared structures, attributes, and behaviors

method

representation of a real world action/behavior within an object

object oriented database management system

DMBS modeling both data and their relationships in a single structure/object

internet of things

the web of internet connected devices constantly exchanging and collecting over the internet

big data

finding better and new ways to manage large amounts of web and sensor generated data, while providing high performance and scalability at resonable costs

velocity, volume, variety

what are the 3 v’s of big data?

external model

model representing the end users view of the data environment using ER diagrams

external schema

a specific representation of an external view

conceptual model

model representing a global view of the entire database

conceptual schema

the visual representation of all external relationships, entities, constraints, and processes

software indepedent

model does not depend on the DBMS software to implement the model

hardware independent

model does not depend on the any specific hardware or physical storage, such as the one used in the implementation of the model

logical design

the task of creating a conceptual model that could be implemented in any DBMS

internal model

representation of the database as seen by the DBMS, requiring the designer to match the conceptual model’s characteristics and constraints to those of the selected implementation model

internal schema

depicts a specific representation of an internal model, using the database constructs supported by the chosen data base

logical independence

ability to change the internal model without affecting the conceptual model

physical model

model operating at the lowest level of abstraction and is saved on physical storage media

physical independence

ability to change the physical model without affecting the external model

entity integrity

the condition in which each row has its own, known, unique identity

referential integrity

the condition every reference to an entity instance by another entity instance is valid

attribute domain

the range of possible values an attribute

key

one or more attributes that determines other attributes/identifies a row

determination

knowing the value makes it possible to identify determine the value

functional depenence

the value of one or more other attributes influences the value of another

dependent

the attribute whose value is determined by the other

determinant/key

the attribute whose value determines another

primary key

attribute or combination of attributes that uniquely identifies any given row

composite key

key composed of more than one attribute

foreign key

primary key of one table that was placed into another table to create a common attribute, ensuring referential integrity