Test 2

The Kylonian Affair, 632 BCE, Megara, Olympic Games, Acropolis, Athena’s, escaped, instability, religious

The _____ _____

Definition: Attempted coup by Kylon to become tyrant of Athens

Date: ___ BCE

Context: Kylon had support from ____ and attempted to seize power during the ____ ____

What happened:

• Kylon and supporters occupied the ____ and sought sanctuary at ____’s temple

• Kylon ____, abandoning his supporters

• Supporters left the sanctuary with a rope connecting them to Athena’s statue for protection, but it broke and they were killed

Significance:

• Shows aristocratic factionalism and political ____

• Demonstrates ____ importance

• Helps explain later concerns about tyranny and political reform

Peisistratos, 6th, 561 BCE, attacked him, 558 BCE, Athena, 546 BCE, Kept, loans, agora, Panathenaia

_______

Definition: Athenian tyrant from the coastal region of Attica

Period: ____ century BCE

Three attempts to gain power:

• First in ___. Claimed rivals __ ___ and demanded club-bearing bodyguards. Used them to seize the Acropolis

• Second in ___. Returned to Phye with a woman dressed as ____, presenting his return as divinely supported

• Third in ____. Returned from exile with military support and finally took over power

Policies and achievements:

• ____ exisiting laws and institutions

• Provided low-interest ___ to poorer farmers

• Developed public buildings and the ____

• Expanded the _____ with musical and athletic compeittions

Significance

• Was not necessarily a ____ tyrant

• Public projects and festivals strengthened athenian ___

Kleisthenes’ Reforms, 508 BCE, tyranny, tribal system, 10, trittyes, demes, boule, 50, Ekklesia, Pnyx, democracy, civic

_____ _____

Definition: Reorganization of Athenian government that established foundations for democracy

Date: ___ BC

Context: Response to the threat of ____

____ system:

• Replaced the four traditional tribes with __ tribes

• From the cost, inland, and city

• Used ___ (regional thirds) and ____ (local civic units)

• Weakened old regional power blocs

Council of 500 (___):

• __ members per tribe

• Selected annually by lot

• Prepared the assembly’s agenda and managed daily government

____ (Assembly)

• Assembly of all male citizens

• Met at the ___

• Debated and voted on public matters

Significance:

• Established the foundations of athenian ____

• Encouraged ____ pariciaption

Archons, Solon’s reforms, 594 BCE, classes, Eponymous, Basileus, Polemarch

_____

Definition: Magistrates responsible for important administrative, judicial, political, and religious affairs

Context: ____’s reforms in ___ BCE

Eligibility:

• Initially associated with aristocratic birth, but solon opened eligibility to the wealthiest property ____

Three principal archons

• _____ Archon; Gave his name to the year, supervised civic affairs

• Archon ____: Oversaw religious and certain legal matters, not an actual king

• _____: Originally responsible for military affairs

Significance:

• Shows movement from hereditary privilege toward property-based eligibility

• Illustrates the development of Athenian civic institutions

• Political participation expanded, but offices still remained restricted by class

Ionian Revolt, 499 BCE, Asia Minor, Athens, Eretria

_____ _____

Definition: Revolt of Greek cities in Ionia against Persian rule

Date:

Location: Western coast of ___ ___

Key events:

• Aristagoras of Miletus helped lead the revolt

• ____ and ____ provided support

• Rebels and allies burned Sardis, an important Persian administrative center

• Persians defeated the rebels

• Miletus was captured

Significance:

• Major cause of the Greco-Persian wars

• Darius I sought to punish Athens and Eretia for their involvement

• Helped lead to the Persian expedition of 490 BCE and the battle of marathon

Battle of Marathon, 490 BCE, supporting, earth, water, captured, did not, defeated

____ of ____

Definition: Greek victory over the Persians during the first Persian invasion of Greece

Date: ___ BCE

Context: Darius I sought to punish Athens and Eretria for ____ the Ionian revolt

Key events:

• Persians demanded “____ and ____” symbols of submission

• Persians ____ Eretria and landed at Marathon

• Athens requested Spartan assistance, but Sparta __ ___ arrive in time

• Athenians, aided by Plataeans, ____ the Persian force

• Greek hoplites fought in formation against Persian troops

• Athenians hurried back to protect Athens from a possible naval attack

Significance

• Demonsrated the effectiveness of seeing the Greek type of warfare

• Increased athenian confidence and civic pride

• Became a lasting symbol of resistence to Persian imperial power

• Did not end the persian threat- there was another invasion followed in 480 BCE

Battle of Thermopylae, 480 BCE, Thermopylae, 300, Ephialtes

_____ of _____

Definition: Greek defensive battle against the Persian invasion led by Xerxes I

Date: ___ BCE

Location: Narrow mountain pass at _____

Key events:

• Leonidas led ___ Spartan citizens alongside other Greek troops

• Narrow terrain helped the Greek phalanx resist the larger Persian force

• ____ revealed a route around the pass

• Leonidas dismissed many troops and remained with a smaller force

• Spartans, Thespians, and Thebans fought in the final stand

• Greeks withdrew from Artemisium; Athens was evacuates

Significance:

• Became a symbol of courage, sacrifice, and resistance

• Demonstrates both Greek cooperation and the challenges of unity

• Though a Persian victory, the resistance became central to Greek collective memory

The ____ of ____

Definition: Major Greek naval victory over Persia during Xerxes’ invasion

Date: ____

Key figure: ____, Athenian political and military leader

Key events:

• Delphi’s oracle referred to “____ ____”

• Themistocles interpreted this as a reference to ships

• Athens was evacuated

• Greeks fought the Persian fleet near Salamis

• Greek triremes used the narrow waters to their advantage

• Persian fleet suffered a decisive defeat

• Greek victories at Plataea and Mycale in 479 BCE helped end the invasion

Significance:

• Turning point in the Persian Wars

• Demonstrated the importance of naval strategy and geography

• Strengthened Athenian naval power and prestige

• Helped establish conditions for Athens’ later leadership in the Greek world

____ of _____ inscription

Definition: Epitaph commemorating the Athenian tragedian Aeschylus

• Dates: c. 525–456 BCE

• Location: Gela, Sicily, where Aeschylus died

• Important details:

  • Identifies Aeschylus as the son of Euphorion and an Athenian

  • Emphasizes his participation in the Battle of Marathon

  • Says Marathon and the long-haired Persians could testify to his courage

  • Does not emphasize his literary achievements

• Literary context: Seven tragedies survive, including the Oresteia and The Persians

• Significance:

  • Shows the importance of military service and civic honor

  • Demonstrates Marathon’s lasting place in Athenian memory

  • Reveals that service to the polis could define public identity more than artistic achievement

Aeschylus’ The Persians

• Definition: Greek tragedy about the Persian defeat at Salamis, told from the Persian perspective

• Author: Aeschylus

• Date: 472 BCE; eight years after Salamis

• Setting/context: Performed at the Greater Dionysia in Athens

• Key characters and events:

  • Queen Atossa and the Persian elders await news

  • Ghost of former king Darius criticizes Xerxes

  • Xerxes’ defeat is presented as the result of excessive ambition and hubris

• Literary significance:

  • Earliest surviving tragedy based on relatively recent historical events

  • Explores hubris, divine justice, imperial power, and suffering

• Historical/cultural significance:

  • Shows how Athenians remembered the Persian Wars

  • Demonstrates tragedy’s role in Athenian civic and religious life

  • Encourages reflection on the consequences of war and excessive power

Marble statue of the goddess athena in the temple of athena, 6th, Gigantomachy, olympic gods, giants, patron

Identification: Marble statue of the goddess ____ in the temple of ____

• Date: Archaic period, approximately late ___ century BCE

• Subject: Central pediment depicting the _____ (Battle of the Giants)

• Important features:

  • Athena is represented as a goddess participating in the battle against the Giants

  • The Gigantomachy depicts the conflict between the ___ ____ and the ____

• Significance:

  • Demonstrates the importance of Athena as Athens’ ____ goddess

  • The Gigantomachy represents the triumph of divine order over disorder

  • Shows the role of mythology and religious sculpture in decorating sacred buildings

  • Connects Athenian identity with the power and protection of Athena

Deification of Herakles, archaic period, athena leads herakles, apotheosis, hera’s, small, peisistratos

• Identification: Pedimental sculpture depicting the _____ of _____

• Date: ____ period; exact date needs to be looked up oops

• Subject: ____ leads ____ to Olympus to be received by Zeus and Hera

• Important features:

  • ____ means the elevation of a mortal to divine status

  • ____ presence is significant because she traditionally opposed Herakles

  • Her presence at his reception can suggest acceptance of his new divine status

  • The sculpture is relatively ____; its original building is uncertain

• Significance:

  • Illustrates Greek beliefs about the relationship between mortals and gods

  • Shows how myth could communicate divine favor and legitimacy

  • Connection to _____: His return to Athens with Phye dressed as Athena similarly presented his return as divinely supported

Harmodius, Aristogeiton, Tyrannicides, 477, Hipparchus, Hippias,

• Identification: Sculptural group of _____ and _____, known as the _____

• Date: Original Athenian bronze group commissioned around ___ BCE; surviving examples include Roman copies

• Historical context:

  • Harmodius and Aristogeiton killed ______ in 514 BCE

  • Hipparchus was the brother of the tyrant _____

  • Hippias remained in power until his expulsion in 510 BCE

• Important features:

  • The pair were celebrated in Athens as tyrant-killers

  • Their statues commemorated their actions and became public political symbols

• Significance:

  • Became symbols of Athenian freedom and opposition to tyranny

  • Helped shape the later democratic memory of Athens

  • Their reputation simplified a more complicated historical story: killing Hipparchus did not immediately end the tyranny

Eponymous Heroes, 5th century, agora of athens, ten, public notices,

• Identification: Monument of the ____ _____

• Date: Late ___ century BCE in its developed form; associated with the democratic tribal system introduced by Kleisthenes

• Location: Ancient ____ of ____

• Important features:

  • Marble podium or enclosure supporting bronze statues of the ___ tribal heroes

  • ____ _____ concerning each tribe were displayed near its corresponding hero

  • Served as a central location for civic announcements and information

• Significance:

  • Made the ten-tribe system visible in the civic center

  • Connected Athenian political organization with heroic and mythological tradition

  • Shows how public monuments supported communication and participation in civic life

  • Demonstrates the importance of the Agora as a political and social gathering place

Old bouleuterion in the ancient agora, bouleuterion, buildings, bouleurion, tholos

Old ____ in the ____ _____

• Identification: Civic buildings in the Ancient Agora associated with Athenian government

• Location: Ancient Agora of Athens

• Important ____ and functions:

  • Old ____: Earlier meeting place of the Council of 500, the Boule

  • ____: Round building used by the prytaneis, the rotating executive group drawn from the Council

• Significance:

  • Demonstrates that Athenian democracy required permanent administrative spaces

  • The Boule prepared business for the Assembly and helped manage daily government

  • The Tholos supported the continuous operation of the state

  • The Metroon illustrates the importance of records and public documentation in civic administration

Kleroterion, classical, athens

The ____:

• Date: ____ period, especially the 5th–4th centuries BCE

• Location: _____

• Function:

  • Citizens inserted identifying tokens into slots in the machine

  • A randomizing mechanism determined which citizens were selected

  • Used for jury selection and associated with selection for certain public offices

• Important concept: Sortition = selection by lot rather than election

• Significance:

  • Helped limit the influence of wealth, popularity, and powerful political families

  • Reflected the democratic principle that eligible citizens could participate in government

  • Demonstrates how Athenians used practical mechanisms to organize democratic institutions

  • Participation was still limited to eligible citizens, not the entire population

Pnyx, Pnyx, Athens, Ekklesia, bema

• Description/name: ____

• Location: ___, ____

• Historical context: Classical Athens and the development of direct democracy

• Important features:

  • The Pnyx was the principal meeting place of the _____

  • The Ekklesia was the Assembly of male Athenian citizens

  • Citizens gathered to hear speakers, debate public issues, and vote

  • The ____ provided a place from which speakers addressed the assembly

• Significance:

  • Represents direct citizen participation in Athenian democracy

  • Public speaking and persuasion were important political skills

  • Shows how physical spaces helped facilitate democratic decision-making

  • Political participation excluded women, enslaved people, and resident foreigners

Ostraka, (ostraka), 5th

Definition: ____

• Identification: Broken pottery shards (____) used as voting tokens

• Date: Classical Athens, beginning in the ____ century BCE

• Key term: Ostracism = temporary exile of a citizen by a civic vote

• How it worked:

  • Citizens scratched the name of a person onto a pottery shard

  • The votes were counted to determine whether a citizen would be exiled

  • The Assembly considered annually whether to hold an ostracism

  • If the decision was to proceed, a separate vote followed

  • A successful ostracism generally resulted in ten years of exile

• Purpose: Help prevent the return of tyranny or the concentration of excessive political power

• Significance:

  • Demonstrates how Athenians tried to protect their political system

  • Shows the use of ordinary materials in democratic voting

  • Could be used against prominent political figures

  • Illustrates the tension between protecting democracy and using political power against individuals

Behinstun Inscription, 520 BCE, limestone, Old Persian, Elamite, Babylonian,

Definition/ID: _____ Inscription

• Date: c. ___ BCE

• Location: Behistun (Bisotun), in present-day western Iran

• Important physical features:

  • Carved high on a ____ cliff, approximately 100 meters above the ground

  • Inscription written in three languages:

    • Old ___

    • ____

    • ____ (Akkadian)

  • Relief depicts Darius asserting authority over defeated enemies

• Content:

  • Darius presents his rise to power and military victories

  • Describes rebellions against his rule and their suppression

  • Claims that Gaumata, identified as an impostor or “False Smerdis,” falsely claimed royal authority

  • Connects Darius’ legitimacy to his royal lineage and the support of Ahura Mazda

  • Portrays rebellion as wrongdoing that deserves punishment

• Significance:

  • Demonstrates how rulers used monumental inscriptions to legitimize their authority

  • Presents rebellion as a threat to political order and divine favor

  • Provides important evidence about the Achaemenid Persian Empire

  • The multilingual inscription later helped scholars decipher ancient cuneiform writing

Theatre of Dionysus in Athens, 6th,

Theatre of ____ in _____

• Date: Dramatic performances developed here during the ____ century BCE; the theatre underwent major changes during the Classical period and later

• Location: Southern slope of the Acropolis in Athens

• Historical and cultural context:

  • Associated with the City/Greater Dionysia, a major religious festival

  • Hosted competitions in tragedy and, in later developments, comedy and other performances

  • Associated with playwrights such as Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides

• Important features:

  • Seating arranged around a performance area

  • Space for actors, chorus, and audience

  • Developed from earlier performance spaces into a more substantial theatre

• Significance:

  • Demonstrates the connection between religion, drama, and civic life

  • Theatre helped Athenians explore politics, morality, mythology, and social relationships

  • Dramatic competitions were public events, not simply private entertainment

  • Shows the importance of collective participation and shared cultural identity in Athens

Solon’s reforms, 594 BCE, wealthy landowners, cancelled, reorganized, balance.

• Identification: ____ _____ in Athens

• Date: c. ____ BCE

• Location: Athens, Greece

• Context:

  • Athens faced social and economic conflict between ____ _____ and poorer citizens.

  • Debt and dependence threatened the freedom of poorer Athenians.

• Key details:

  • Solon _____ debts and addressed debt bondage.

  • He ____ political participation according to wealth.

  • He attempted to _____ the interests of rich and poor.

• Significance:

  • Reduced social tensions and changed Athenian law.

  • Laid groundwork for later democratic developments, although Athens was not yet a full democracy.

solon, poetry, 6th, dominate, power, balanced.

• Identification: ____ defending his political reforms through ____

• Date: Early ____ century BCE

• Location: Athens

• Context:

  • Solon explains how he tried to serve the people without allowing either rich or poor to _____.

• Key details:

  • He claims to have given the people sufficient _____ without excessive privilege.

  • He resisted both popular demands for more power and elite attempts to control the state.

  • His goal was to create a _____ political order.

• Significance:

  • Shows how Solon justified his reforms and presented himself as a mediator.

  • Demonstrates the importance of poetry as a way to communicate political ideas

Kleisthenes, 508 BCE, trust, reforms, tribes, boule, three, weakened, participation, foundations

• Passage 4 — _____’ Reforms

  • Date: ____ BCE

  • Location: Athens, Greece

  • Context:

    • Kleisthenes gained the people’s ___ after the overthrow of the tyrants.

    • He introduced _____ during the archonship of Isagoras.

    • His goal was to mix the population and give more people a share in the constitution.

  • Key details:

    • Reorganized the population into 10 _____ instead of 4.

    • Expanded the _____ (Council) from 400 to 500 members, with 50 from each tribe.

    • Divided Attica into _____ regions: the city (asty), coast (paralia), and inland (mesogeios).

    • Combined demes from different regions into tribes to mix the population.

    • Made demes the basis for identifying citizens, replacing the use of fathers’ names.

    • Established demarchs to lead the demes.

    • Preserved traditional clans, phratries, and priesthoods.

    • Named the tribes after ten eponymous heroes.

  • Significance:

    • _____ the influence of old family and regional loyalties.

    • Broadened citizen _____ in Athenian government.

    • Established important _____ for Athenian democracy .

Herodotus’, Io, origins, 5th, differently, phoenician, argos, abducted.

• Identification: _______’ account of the abduction of _______ and competing stories about the _______ of conflict between Greeks and Persians

• Date: Herodotus wrote in the _______ century BCE; the story concerns mythical, legendary events

• Location: Argos and the eastern Mediterranean, including Phoenicia

• Context:

  • Herodotus begins his account of the long history of hostility between Greeks and non-Greeks.

  • Different peoples explain the origins of conflict _______.

• Key details:

  • _______ traders arrive at Argos.

  • Io, the daughter of the king of _______ , is _______.

  • The account describes competing explanations for the abduction and subsequent retaliations.

• Significance:

  • Illustrates how different cultures tell conflicting stories about the origins of war.

  • Introduces the theme of reciprocal abduction and revenge in Greek-Persian relations.

  • Shows Herodotus presenting traditions rather than treating every story as certain fact.

Xerxes, invading Greece, 480, Persian, wealth,

• Identification: ______’ justification for ______ ______

• Date: ______ BCE

• Location: ______ Empire; planned invasion across the Hellespont into Greece

• Context:

  • Xerxes is addressing Persian leaders before his campaign against Greece.

  • He refers to the expansion of the Persian Empire under Cyrus, Cambyses, and Darius.

• Key details:

  • Xerxes wants to expand the empire and gain ______ and glory.

  • He plans to cross the Hellespont and march into Greece.

  • He claims he wants to punish Athens for its actions against Persia and his father, Darius.

• Significance:

  • Explains Xerxes’ stated reasons for the Persian invasion.

  • Illustrates how imperial ambition and revenge are used to justify war.

decree, evacuation, 480 bce, xerxes’

• Identification: Athenian ____ organizing the ____ and defense of Athens during the Persian invasion

• Date: ____ BCE

• Location: Athens and the surrounding Greek world

• Context:

  • ____ ’ Persian army was invading Greece.

  • Athens had to decide how to protect its population and continue resisting.

• Key details:

  • The decree calls for the protection of the city and its people.

  • Women, children, and other noncombatants were to be moved to safer locations.

  • The fleet and military forces were central to the defense strategy.

  • The decree lays out responsibilities for organizing ships and personnel.

• Significance:

  • Shows that Athens planned to preserve its population while continuing the war.

  • Demonstrates the central role of the navy in Athenian strategy.

  • Connects to the Greek victory at Salamis in 480 BCE.

Herodotus, response, 480 BCE, advancing, abandon, ships

• Identification: _____’ account of Athenian preparations and the Greek _____ to the Persian invasion

• Date: _____ BCE

• Location: Athens and the Greek mainland

• Context:

  • The Persian army was _____ through Greece.

  • The Athenians were preparing to _____ the city and rely on their fleet.

• Key details:

  • The passage describes the Athenians’ actions as the Persian threat approached.

  • The population and military forces were directed toward the planned defense.

  • The Athenians’ strategy depended on their _____ rather than holding the city itself.

• Significance:

  • Highlights the sacrifices and strategic choices made during the Persian Wars.

  • Shows the importance of evacuation and naval planning to the survival of Athens.

  • Helps explain the circumstances leading to the Battle of Salamis.

Themistocles, Xerxes, Salamis, 480 BCE, near, straits, less, misrepresented, trap, smaller, victory.

• Identification: _____’ deceptive message to _____ before the Battle of _____

• Date: _____ BCE

• Location: Salamis and the waters near Athens

• Context:

  • The Greek fleet was gathered _____ Salamis.

  • Themistocles wanted the Greeks to fight in the narrow _____, where the Persian fleet’s numerical advantage would be _____ effective.

• Key details:

  • Themistocles sent a message to Xerxes that _____ the Greek situation.

  • The message encouraged the Persians to act in a way that would _____ their fleet in the narrow waters.

  • The Greeks were able to fight under conditions more favorable to their _____ fleet.

• Significance:

  • Contributed to the Greek _____ at the Battle of Salamis.

  • Shows Themistocles’ use of deception and strategic planning.

  • Demonstrates how geography could offset a larger military force

Hippocrates, 5th

• Identification: _____ ’ explanation of how geography and climate influence human physical characteristics and temperament

• Date: ___ century BCE (Hippocratic tradition)

• Location: Ancient Greece; compares mountainous, low-lying, and high-altitude environments

• Context:

  • The author examines how differences in climate, water, and landscape affect populations.

  • The passage attempts to explain variations in people’s bodies, appearance, and behavior through environmental conditions.

• Key details:

  • Mountainous areas with high elevations and abundant water produce people described as large, hardy, brave, and physically strong.

  • Low-lying, marshy areas with still water and changing weather produce people described as fleshy, dark-haired, and less courageous.

  • People living at high elevations with strong winds and rain are described as tall and having relatively consistent physical characteristics.

  • Places with limited seasonal and weather changes are said to produce people with more consistent bodies and temperaments.

  • The author argues that bravery and hardship are not entirely natural traits and can be developed through training.

• Significance:

  • Illustrates ancient Greek environmental determinism: the belief that geography and climate shape human characteristics.

  • Shows an early attempt to explain human differences through natural causes rather than solely through ancestry or divine influence.

  • Reflects ancient medical and geographical theories, not scientifically established conclusions about populations.