HTH terms exam 2

aortic

pertaining to the aorta

arterial

pertaining to an artery

arteriolar

pertaining to an arteriole

atrial

pertaining to an atrium

atrioventricular

pertaining to the atrium and ventricle

cardiac

pertaining to the heart

coronary

pertaining to the heart

interatrial

pertaining to between the atria

interventricular

pertaining to between the ventricles

myocardial

pertaining to the heart muscle

valvular

pertaining to a valve

vascular

pertaining to a blood vessel

venous

pertaining to a vein

ventricular

pertaining to a ventricle

venular

pertaining to a venule

angiitis

inflammation of a vessel

angiospasm

involuntary muscle contraction of smooth muscle in wall of vessel; narrows vessel

angiostenosis

narrowing of a vessel

bruit

A harsh, abnormal sound heard during auscultation over an artery

embolus

Obstruction of blood vessel by blood clot that breaks off from thrombus somewhere else in body and travels through blood vessels until it becomes stuck in a narrow vessel, plugging it up; if it occurs in coronary artery, may result in MI

hyperlipidemia

Condition of having excessive level of lipids (fats), such as cholesterol, in bloodstream; risk factor for developing atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease

infarct

area of necrotic tissue due to loss of blood supply

ischemia

local and temporary deficiency of blood supply due to a circulatory obstruction

murmur

sound in addition to normal heart sounds; may or may not indicate an abnormality

orthostatic hypotension

sudden drop in blood pressure when standing up suddenly

palpitations

pounding, racing heartbeats

plaque

yellow, fatty deposit of lipids in an artery; hallmark of atherosclerosis

regurgitation

to flow backwards; in CV system refers to backflow of blood through a valve

thrombus

blood clot within a blood vessel; may partially or completely occlude blood vessel

angina pectoris

severe pain and sensation of constriction around heart; caused by myocardial ischemia

cardiac arrest

complete stopping of heart activity

cardiomegaly

an abnormally enlarged heart

cardiomyopathy

myocardial disease; may be caused by viral infection, congestive heart failure, or alcohol abuse; common reason for heart transplant

congenital septal defect

hole, present at birth, in heart septum; allows mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

congestive heart failure

left ventricle muscle is too weak to efficiently pump blood; results in weakness, breathlessness, and edema

coronary artery disease

poor blood supply to heart muscle due to obstruction of coronary arteries; may cause angina pectoris and heart attack

endocarditis

inflammation of membranes lining the heart; if cause is bacterial, a bacterial colony called vegetation may form

heart valve prolapse

cusps are too loose and fail to shut tightly; allows regurgitation

heart valve stenosis

cups are too stiff; unable to shut tightly; allows regurgitation

myocardial infraction

occlusion of coronary artery; results in a myocardial infarct; a heart attack

myocarditis

inflammation of heart muscle layer

pericarditis

inflammation of pericardial sac

tetralogy of Fallot

combination of four congenital anomalies; pulmonary stenosis, interventricular septal defect, improper placement of aorta, hypertrophy of right ventricle; requires immediate surgery

valvulitis

inflammation of a heart valve

arrhythmia

irregularity in heart beat or action

bundle branch block

electrical impulse is blocked from traveling down the bundle of HIS or bundle branches

bradycardia

condition of having a slow heart rate

fibrillation

serious arrhythmia characterized by abnormal quivering or contraction of heart fibers; may result in cardiac arrest

flutter

atria beat too rapidly but maintain a regular pattern

premature atrial contraction

atria contract earlier than they should

premature ventricular contraction

ventricles contract earlier than they should

tachycardia

condition of having a fast heart rate

aneurysm

weakness and ballooning of arterial wall; commonly seen in abdominal and cerebral arteries

arteriorrhexis

a ruptured artery

arteriosclerosis

hardening and loss of elasticity of arterial walls; often due to atherosclerosis

atheroma

deposit of fatty substance in wall of artery, bulges into and narrows artery; also called a plaque

atherosclerosis

most common form of arteriosclerosis; lipid plaques form in arterial wall

coarctation of the aorta

severe congenital narrowing of aorta

hemorrhoid

varicose veins in anal region

hypertension

high blood pressure; essential or primary hypertension is due to CV disease; secondary hypertension results from another disease

hypotension

decrease in blood pressure; may be due to shock or anemia

patent ductus arteriosus

congenital heart anomaly where fetal connection between pulmonary artery and aorta fails to close at birth

peripheral vascular disease

abnormal condition affecting any blood vessel outside the heart; symptoms may include pain, pallor, and blocked circulation

phlebitis

inflammation of a vein

polyarteritis

inflammation of several arteries

Raynaud’s phenomenon

periodic ischemic attacks affecting extremities; especially fingers, toes, ears, and nose; extremities become cyanotic; triggered by cold exposure

thrombophlebitis

inflammation of vein resulting in blood clots within a vein

varicose veins

swollen and distended veins; often in the legs

auscultation

listening to sounds within body using a stethoscope

sphygmomanometer

blood pressure cuff; measures blood pressure

stethoscope

instrument for listening to body sounds

cardiac biomarkers

blood test determines level of proteins specific to heart muscles in the blood; an increase may indicate heart muscle damage such as a myocardial infarction

serum lipoprotein level

blood test measures amount of cholesterol and triglycerides in blood; indicator of atherosclerosis risk

angiogram

x-ray record of a vessel

angiography

x-rays taken after injection of opaque dye into blood vessel

cardiac scan

nuclear medicine scan using radioactive thallium; especially useful in determining myocardial damage

Doppler ultrasonography

using ultrasound to produce an image of blood flowing through blood vessels in order to determine velocity; indicates blood clots or deep vein thromboses

Echocardiography

use of ultrasound to visualize internal cardiac structures; especially valves

cardiac catheterization

catheter is threaded though blood vessel to heart; detects abnormalities, collects cardiac blood samples, and determines blood pressure inside heart

catheter

flexible tube inserted in body to move fluids into or out of body; may be used to place dye into a vein to view blood vessels

Holter monitor

portable ECG monitor worn by patient up to a few days to assess heart activity as person goes through daily activities

stress testing

evaluates cardiovascular fitness; patient exercises on treadmill or bicycle with a steadily increasing workload; EKG and oxygen levels are monitored throughout the test

cardiopulmonary resuscitation

procedure to restore cardiac output and oxygenated air for a person in cardiac arrest; uses chest compressions and artificial respiration

defibrillation

procedure that converts irregular heartbeats, such as fibrillation, using an electric shock

extracorporeal circulation

routing blood to a heart-lung machine during a surgical procedure

implantable cardioverter defibrillator

device implanted into the heart to deliver an electric shock to restore normal heart rhythm; especially helpful for ventricular fibrillation

pacemaker implantation

device implanted into the heart to substitute for the natural pacemaker

sclerotherapy

injection of salt solution to treat varicose veins

thrombolytic therapy

use of drugs, such as streptokinase or tissue-type plasminogen activator, to dissolve clots and restore blood flow

aneurysmectomy

surgical removal of an aneurysm

arterial anastomosis

surgical joining of two arteries when an artery is severed or a damaged section is removed

atherectomy

surgical removal of an atheroma

coronary artery bypass graft

blood vessel from another location (often a leg vein) is grafted to route blood around a blocked coronary artery

embolectomy

surgical removal of an embolus

endarterectomy

removal of the diseased inner lining of an artery; usually to remove atherosclerotic plaques

heart transplant

replacement of a diseased heart with a donor heart

intracoronary artery stent

stent placed within a coronary artery; treats coronary ischemia sue to atherosclerosis

ligation and stripping

removal of varicose veins; damaged vein is tied off (ligation) and then removed (stripping)

percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty

balloon catheter is inserted through skin into coronary artery; inflated to dilate the narrow blood vessel

stent

stainless steel tube placed within blood vessel to widen the lumen