my personal study flashcards

how many litters of blood does the average adult contains in their body

5 liters

how is a whole blood specimen collected (like what additive are used to make whole blood)

its maid by using an anticoagulant to prevent clotting

what kind of test is used whole blood collection

complete blood count(CBC),blood typing, and blood chemistry analysis

how much volume does plasma make up of the blood volume

55%

what is in plasma

consisting of a blend of proteins, sugars, electrolytes, clotting factors like fibrinogen, and other components

how long does blood cells lifespan in the body

120 days

what does R stand for in RACE

Rescue

what does A stand for in RACE

• Alarm ( pull the alarm)

what does C stand for in RACE

confine( close all windows and doors

what does E stand for in RACE

extinguish

what is the safety data sheet used for

safety data sheet is a document that provides information about a specific product and the safe use of it in the workplace

what do you do if an active shooter enters the building

immediately call 911 determine how to best protect oneself and patients

if a patient stats that they have had fainted or been close to fainting in the past how should you when trying to get a blood draw

If they have fainted or been close to fainting, offer them a place to lie down during the blood draw

what should you do if the patient experiences syncope when doing a venipuncture

immediately and carefully remove the tourniquet and needle from the patient and assist in getting them to a seated or lying position. Do not leave them alone until they have completely recovered. Always call for help when needed to keep health care workers and the patient safe

what should you do if the patient is experiencing shock

Elevate legs so head is lower than rest of the body, keep patient lying down.

what does shock look like on a patient

Pale, cold, clammy skin, rapid pulse, fast and shallow breathing

what is the signs of a stroke in a patient

Sudden numbness or weakness in face, arm, or leg on one side of the body, sudden confusion or trouble speaking, sudden trouble seeing or walking, sudden severe headache

what should you do if a patient is experiencing a stroke

Recognize signs and call 911 or alert provider immediately.

what does a cardiac event look like on a patient

Patient is unresponsive, no pulse, not breathing

what should you do when a patient is experiencing a cardiac event

Begin CPR and use an AED when required.

what is the signs that a patient has nausea

Patients may state that they do not feel good or may vomit. Greenish hue to the skin, sweating, and deep gulping or excessive saliva

what should you do if a patient is experiencing nausea

Stop procedure. Provide an emesis basin. Provide privacy and a wet cold compress. Do not provide food or drink until the patient recovers. 

what should you do if a patient is having a seiziure

stop the procedure,lay them on their left side with a one arm under their head and a their knees bended

what should you do if a patient is having a seizure while having their blood drawn

Stop procedure. Call for help. Guide the patient to the floor and place on side when possible. Do not attempt to restrain or hold a person experiencing a seizure. 

what should you look for when a patient is expencing synope

Sweating, pale or flush, shallow breathing

what should you do if a patient is experiencing syncope

Stop procedure. Lean close to the patient to help reduce the risk of injury. Loosen tight clothing. Place a cold compress on their neck or head. Maintain patient in reclined position until recovered. 

what do you do if a patient i has gotten a hematoma during blood collection

Stop the procedure and provide pressure on the site for at least 5 minutes to ensure the bleeding stops.

what are of the symptoms of a hematoma

A swelling that gathers quickly at the site of the needle insertion. May be discolored.

what do you do if there was an accidental artery puncture.

Withdraw needle immediately. Place pressure on the site for 5 to 15 min.

how do you know if you have made an accidental artery puncture.

Blood will be cherry red and filling with force into the ETS tube.

how do you know if you made an accidental needle stick

Feeling a sudden sharp pain near the needle and/or blood in the glove

what should you do if you made an accidental needle stick

Remove needle if stuck in skin. Rinse the area thoroughly. Document the incident. Seek medical care within 24 hr. May be necessary for testing for diseases such as HIV and hepatitis C and B.

what should u do if you start to notice that the patient has petechiae

Continue the collection, apply adequate pressure afterward to help stop bleeding promptly.

what is the signs and symptoms of petechiae

Small red spots appearing on the arm surrounding the tourniquet

what is the acronym for FAST

Face drooping, Arm weakness, Speech difficulty, Time to call 911

what is arterial blood gases (ABG)

measures the levels of oxygen,carbon dioxide and the acid-base (ph) balance in a samples of blood taken from an artery

what is venous blood gases

measures the pH, carbon dioxide, and bicarbonate levels from a vein to evaluate a patient's acid-base balance and ventilation status

what specific details is needed when looking over the lab requisition

the desired tests and provider details and should include the patient's full name, date of birth, sex, and specific identification numbers, such as a medical record number

what are the highlighted consideration on a lab requisitions

as allergies, a history of fainting, excessive bleeding, or areas to avoid for collection. Spaces for documenting the collection date and time, billing details, and diagnostic codes are also provided

what do you do if any details on the requisition is unclear.

seek clarification from the ordering prescriber before proceeding with the blood draw. By thoroughly reviewing lab requisitions,

what is informed consent

a patient is thoroughly briefed about the procedure and gets provided with adequate information

what is expressed consent

the patient has agreed to the procedure either verbally or in writing ( often through a consent form )

what is implied consent

the patient’s behavior suggest consent for instance when a patient willingly presents their arm for a blood draw

what should you recommend to a patient before taking their blood draw

to drink plenty of water

what should you recommend to a patient whos going to get tested for their blood glucose levels

what i a basal state and what should the patient avoid taking/doing

this refers to the patient's resting metabolic state after avoiding food, beverages (except water), and exercise for 12 hours, typically measured in the morning.

to check if a patient has fasted what should you ask ( instead of asking if they fasted)

“When is the last time you had anything to eat or drink”

what is somethings that is beneficial when enguaging in light conversation with a patient

Engaging the patient in light conversation during the procedure can serve as a distraction and may help prevent fainting or other complications

what are some signs to look out for if a patient looks like they are about to faint or has a history of fainting.

signs to look out for include sweating, pale skin, and rapid breathing. If the patient does start to feel faint

what is the following procedure if a patient faints

immediately halt the procedure. Instruct the patient to lower their head and take deep breaths. Loosen any constrictive clothing, especially around the neck, and apply a cold compress to the forehead or neck.( and document the procedure)

what is the recovery procedure for a who has fainted

give the patient ample time to recover before standing up and monitor them for at least 15 minutes after the incident. Document any such occurrences thoroughly in the patient’s record. If a patient loses consciousness and does not quickly respond, call for emergency assistance immediately.

where should draw blood if the patient has has a bilateral mastectomy

you may need to use a vein on the back of the hand or wrist

what should you do if you see that a patient has thrombosed veins and what do they look like

Thrombosed veins, which feel rope-like and roll easily, should not be used for venipuncture.

what is something that can alter coagulation and platelet function, particularly in patients who have diabetes melitus

alcohol

if you suspect intoxications before a blood draw what should you do next

If you suspect intoxication, document it in the patient’s record for the provider's reference

how can smoking and exercise skew test results of blood draws

smoking can increase coagulation factors, and intense exercise can activate coagulation.

what should you instruct a patient if they have exercised recently before a blood draw

that they should rest 15-30 mins before blood draw

what is all the things that should be on a lab requisition form

• pt name

• sex

• address

• phone number

• insurance details(if acceptable)

• record of the ordering physicians name and contact information

• specify the test requested, using the correct test codes or names

• if their are any special instructions of clinical notes that may impact the test( like fastiing status,medications)

document the type of specimen collected ( blood,urine, tissue),the collection date and time and site of collection

how many mL of urine is needed for a random urine specimen

30mL to 60mL

if an outpatient is doing a urine test at home how should the patient store the sample

the specimen should be refrigerated and brought to the lab promptly with the collection date and time noted on the label

how many mL can a urine container hold

3,000mL

what should the patient document when starting a 24-hr urine specimen

the patient should note the exact time they empty first urine of the day into the toilet

what happens if when collecting a 24hr collection that the patient accidentally peed into the toilet instead of in a urine container

the urine collection is compromised and they have to restart the 24hr collection

what is the range of the pH levels in urinalysis and what is pH used for

5-7 depending on the diet,identifing bacteria growth ( unrefrigerated samples can raise the alkaline which can skew results)

what is the normal ranges of the specific gravity in urine specimens

1.003 to 1.030 though they typically fall between 1.010 to 1.025

what is the specific gravity that gets diluted urine

values below 1.010 while thoes that is over 1.010 is concentrated

what does white blood in urine indicate on a urinalysis

they might indicate an infection

what does ketones in urinalysis mean

byproducts of fat metabolism and may be present due to conditions like diabetes, fasting, or excessive vomiting.

what does Bilirubin in urinalysis mean

Elevated levels can suggest liver issues or the breakdown of red blood cells.

what doesProtein mean in urinalysis mean

Protein is typically not found in urine. Protein in urine can be a marker for inflammation, infection, kidney disease, or toxicity.

what does Glucose in urinalysis mean

Glucose is typically not found in urine. The presence of glucose may be an indicator of diabetes.

what are some of the custody requirements of a urine drug screen

A chain of custody form includes the date, time of collection, place where the specimen was obtained, and signature from the individual whom the specimen was obtained from.

what is FOBT used for in point of care test

for finden blood in the stool, aiding in diagnosis of gestational issues,presence of bacteria,fungi

what kind of container is used when collecting a stool sample

wide-mouthed plastic container with a secure lid, its designed for the patient to pass the stool directly into it

what can a patient use to collect the stool sample instead of collecting it directly into a stool sample container

the patient can use a clean receptacle to collect the stool and then transfer it to the stool sample container,also the patient can use a tongue depressor or the built in scoop

how much of is needed when the patinet is providing a stool sample

only a small sample is needed

after the stool sample for parasite testing is collected how should the stool sample be stored

the sample must not be refrigerated it must be processed immediately

what temp can preserved stool samples be at and other types of stool samples be preserved at

preserved specimens can be reserved at room temp while multi-day stool samples and other stool samples can be refrigerated and brought to the lab

how do you test FOBT when given the sample

. The instructions typically require the collection of three separate areas of the stool sample, which are then smeared onto the cards using the provided applicators. Samples should not be taken from toilet water; collecting them in a container or directly from toilet tissue is recommended.

when doing a FOBT what sshould the patient avoid before getting tested.

avoid(3 days prior)

• red meat

• raw vegetables

• vitamin C

• aspirin

this is because this can mimic the presence of blood and cause false results

what is some of the reasons that a patient might need a sputum collection

to identify specific pathogens causing respiratory infections. it can also be used to assess the effectiveness of treatment regimen( because sputum can carry infectious agents)

what time of the day should sputum be collected

in the morning before consuming any food or beverages

what should should you tell the patients before they give a sputum sample

avoid using mouthwash, eating, or drinking before collecting a sputum( the mouthwash can destroy micro-organisms

how should the patinet collect the sputum in the container

the patient should be guided to take a deep breath and then cough forcefully to bring up sputum from the lungs, then expel the sputum directly into the container, taking care to avoid contaminating the sample with saliva.

how much is needed when collecting a sputum sample

1 to 2 tsp of sputum are needed for an adequate sample.

how should the sputum sample be stored when collecting a sputum sample

should be at room temp then transported to the lab

what are some of the reasons that semen samples is collected

fertility assessments, post vasectomy evaluations, or forensic analysis in criminal cases.

what is some of the things the patient should avoid before doing a semen collection

sexuall activity and alcohol for a set period of time before providing the sample

how should the semen specimen be maintained in storage

the sample should be kept warm and be kept out of extreme hot or cold temps

when should the semen sample be delivered after collected

1 hr after collection

how many inches is the tourniquet applied relative to the antecubital

3 ot 4 inches above the antecubital

in the Three Ds when finding a good vein what does demention stand for

Palpating for the size of the vein helps you choose the best needle.

in the Three Ds when finding a good vein what does depth stand for

Feeling how deep the vein is in the arm determines the angle of the needle.

in the Three Ds when finding a good vein what does direction stand for

discovering the direction of the vein in the body helps guide the direction of the needle, helping the needle follow the direction that the vein runs in the body.

where do you place your thumb when anchoring when doing a venipuncture

1 to 2 inches below the venipuncture site

what does hemoconcentration mean

An excess of blood accumulated in an area of body. 

what does hemolyze mean

The destruction of red blood cells; can negatively impact samples.

what is 21 and 22 gauge needles used for when doing a venipuncture

21 gauge used for most routine venipunctures. If a patient has smaller veins, a 22-gauge needle is frequently used

does a 16 gauge needle have a small or large diameter

large diameter