AP Psychology Chapter 12

Developmental psychology

Looks at the course of one's social, emotional, moral, and intellectual development over a life span

Nature

genetics

Nurture

environment

John Locke

believed in nurture

Robert Fantz

found that infants like to stare at what resembles the human face

Jean Jacques Rousseau

believed in nature

Arnold Gesell and maturation

Natural growth or change that unfolds in affixed sequence relatively independent of the environment

Embryo & what develops during the period

during critical period, heart, eyes, hands, ears, feet develop

Fetus

can kick, make a fist, open its mouth, turn its head, swallow, and frown

Placenta

sends nutrients from the mother to the fetus and carries away any waste products

Teratogens

harmful substances that result in birth defects

Fetal alcohol syndrome

A pattern of physical and mental defects in babies when they are born from women who abused alcohol during their pregnancy; these defects can include intellectual disability and face malformations

Reflexes

disappears after 3-4 months as the brain begins to develop the ability to control muscles voluntarily

Jean Piaget

father of child psychology, believed that children see the world differently than adults and that our mind develops in stages, suggested that nature and nurture work together

Schemas

mental representations, made by oneself

Assimilation

making your schema fit

Accommodation

changing your schema ex. realizing that the vitamin is not candy

Sensorimotor Stage

first stage of cognitive development, ages 0-2, experience through senses and actions (all non-verbal), to get out of this stage you must develop object permanence and stranger anxiety

Object permanence

things continue to exist even when hidden

Stranger anxiety

fear and wariness of strangers

Preoperational stage

2nd stage in cognitive development (Piaget), ages 2-4 & 4-7, the first half is basic and the second is advanced, you see animism and egocentrism here

Animism

giving life to inanimate objects

Egocentrism

only seeing the world from your perspective

Concrete Operational Stage

3rd stage of cognitive development (Piaget), ages 7-11, you have logic about CONCRETE things (cannot be abstract or hypothetical), conservation and math skills emerge

Conservation

properties remain the same despite changes in shape

Formal Operational Stage

4th stage of cognitive development (Piaget), ages 12+, abstract and hypothetical thought, moral reasoning, not everyone achieves it fully

Infantile Amnesia

The idea that we have few memories before the age of 5/6 and almost none before the age of 3/4

Lev Vygotsky (+ his theory)

Believed that without society and social interactions, a person's mind would not develop; called the Social

Development Theory

Attachment

a deep and enduring relationship

Konrad Lorenz and imprinting

forming an immediate attachment during a critical period (not for humans, but for ducks, geese, etc. when they hatch)

Harry Harlow's study on attachment

wire monkey vs. cloth monkey study, found that attachment comes from BODY CONTACT first, not from the food source

Mary Ainsworth's Strange Situation

looks at attachment types, toddlers and their mothers came to a strange environment, a stranger came in and the mom leaves,, specifically, she looked at how does the kid behave when the mother returns

Secure attachment

quick fix, the child is not angry with mother at all, "no harm no foul," secure, a quick hug + kiss

What can a lack of attachment lead to?

depression, socially withdrawn, violence, substance abuse

Avoidant attachment

type of insecure attachment, the toddler wants nothing to do with the mother upon return

Ambivalent attachment

type of insecure attachment, the toddler is clinging to the mother but is still angry

Disorganized attachment

type of insecure attachment that is a mixture of both avoidant and ambivalent (all of the above)

Erik Erikson's Stage of Psychosocial Development Stage 1

trust vs. mistrust (1st year): asks "were your needs met?"

Erik Erikson's Stage of Psychosocial Development Stage 2

Autonomy vs. shame + doubt (second year): causes issues when parents hold on too long to young child

Erik Erikson's Stage of Psychosocial Development Stage 3

Initiative vs. guilt (ages 3-5): issues with initiating anything on your own, issues may have happened as a child with potty training, feeding yourself, etc.

Erik Erikson's Stage of Psychosocial Development Stage 4

Industry vs. inferiority (6-puberty): asks "where do you fit in?" if you never figure this out, you often feel inferior

Erik Erikson's Stage of Psychosocial Development Stage 5

Identity vs. role confusion (adolescence but also early 20s): how you present yourself through clothing and to society, asks "what do I wanna do with the rest of my life?"

Erik Erikson's Stage of Psychosocial Development Stage 6

Intimacy vs. isolation (early adult, mid 20s-30s): surrounds marriage

Erik Erikson's Stage of Psychosocial Development Stage 7

Generativity vs. stagnation (middle ages, 40s-60s): "Ami I generating anything worthwhile" in terms of being a job, father/mother, etc. If stagnant, can lead to midlife crisis

Erik Erikson's Stage of Psychosocial Development Stage 8

Integrity vs. despair (old): asks "Am I going to die with despair or integrity"

Authoritative

Parenting style; ideal type; gives demands, but provides reasons why; willing to compromise

Authoritarian

Parenting style; all about the demands that a parent gives; no compromise

Permissive

Parenting style; gives in to all (or most) demands, but they care about the child

Uninvolved

Parenting style; does not care about child - what they are doing or where they are

Gender roles

The idea/expectations of what is means to be a male vs a female; created by society

Gender schemas

The idea/expectations of what is means to be a male vs a female; created by oneself

Gender typing

Showing all the characteristics of being either a male or a female; "that boy is all boy" or "she is a real girly girl"

Resilience

The ability to develop normally despite severe environmental factors/risks

The case of Genie*

showed that cognitive development is delayed if children are raised in environments that deprive them of everyday feelings/sights/sounds + interactions; "Genie" was a child rescued at age 14 that never fully recovered from isolation

Ethnic identity

Refers to a person's identity (values and beliefs) based upon membership in a cultural, religious, or social group

Lawrence Kohlberg

came up with ethical dilemma - Heinz dilemma (wife in need of medicine, does the husband steal the medicine or let her die ex.), interested in the rational/thought process behind decision, 3 levels with 6 stages

Preconventional

pre-rules, little kid, before school

stage 1: avoid punishment (from parents or caregivers)

stage 2: serve's one's own needs (reward)

Conventional

elementary-middle school

stage 3: pleasing others is good

stage 4: rules/law + order (the police, the LAW)

Postconventional

Stage 5: voluntary commitment of the rules

Stage 6: ethically right - putting society first

Midlife transition

When a person takes stock of their life during the Generativity vs Stagnation stage

Midlife crisis

Time of personal turmoil/change that can occur during the Generativity vs Stagnation stage

Terminal drop

Sharp decline in mental and physical functioning during late adulthood