NUTR 315 CH 9: Energy Balance and Metabolism

metabolism

chemical reactions in the body that release energy from carbs, fats, protein, and alcohol to make new substances and prepare waste for excretion

anabolic metabolism

uses smaller units to build large compounds, USES energy

catabolic metabolism

breaks down large compounds to form smaller units, PRODUCES energy

what are the two coenzymes for dehydrogenases?

nicain (NAD) and riboflavin (FAD)

what does a coenzyme do?

combines with an inactive protein to form a catalytically active enzyme

what are the steps of catabolism?

breakdown of macronutrients to building blocks, conversion of building blocks of acteyl-CoA, metabolism of acetyl- CoA to CO2 and ATP formation

what is the first step of the citric acid cycle?

acetyl- CoA and oxaloacetate combine to form the 6 carbon compound citrate

in the citric acid cycle, what does citrate form after it is oxidized

alpha-ketoglutarate and Co2 releases

in the citric acid cycle, what does alpha-ketoglutarate form after it oxidized

succinate, GTP, and CO2 releases

in the citric acid cycle, what does succinate form after it is oxidized?

furmate (FADH2)

in the citric acid cycle, what does furmate form after it is oxidized?

oxaloacetate (NADH) which regenerates

what is glycolysis?

an anerobic process where 1 glucose is broken to 2 pyruvic acid

what does pyruvic acid do in cellular respiration?

transfers acetyl-CoA to the citric acid cycle

is the citric acid cycle anerobic or aerobic?

aerobic, it requires oxygen as opposed to glycolysis

what are the functions of the liver?

primary site of metabolism, simple sugar and alcohol metabolism, fat synthesis, urea production, nutrient storage

what process do carbohydrates undergo to breakdown?

glycolysis

what process do fats undergo to breakdown?

lipolysis and fatty acid oxidation

what process do proteins undergo to breakdown?

deamination (removal of an amino acid group from an amino acid)

how are ketone bodies formed?

excess storage of acetyl-CoA from long-term fasting