psychology - motivation

What is the definition of motivation

The direction and intensity of effort.

Too high - could run the risk of injury

Too low - may not rise to the sporting occasion

What are the types of motivation?

• Intrinsic

• Extrinsic

• Amotivation

• Over motivation

• Motivational environment

Type definition for intrinsic motivation

Motivation the comes from internal factors (within)

What are the three parts of intrinsic motivation and the type definitions

A - Accomplishments - athletes are motivated to improve performance and become the best.

S - Stimulations - Adrenaline rush seeking excitement, feel good

K - Knowledge - Improve their knowledge to make their own performance even better

What is the type definition of extrinsic motivation

Motivation generated from external factors.

E.G. Rewards, Medals, Money and Trophies

What are the two parts of extrinsic motivation and there type definitions

I - Intangible - Non-physical rewards (praise, encouragement etc.)

T - Tangible - Physical rewards (money, medals etc.)

Two effects of extrinsic motivation.

Too much emphasis on the rewards could lower (intrinsic) motivation when reward is absent .

Reward given too frequently will lessen the value and impact.

Definition of Amotivation

Absence of motivation

Definition of over motivation

Too much motivation

What are the signs of over-motivation

Over-training - working too hard and not giving yourself enough time to recover which can result in fatigue, disruption of sleep, frequent sickness etc.

Turn into…

Training addiction - obsession with seeing improvement. If no improvement seen, could lead to injury, burnout and affect social life.

Turn into…

Social withdraw - exclude themselves, antisocial, irritated easily and prioritise training.

What are the effects of over-motivation

Over-confidence - cocky, stop trying, over pride and leads to complacency

Decrement in performance - without intervention unlikely to regain or increase in performance

Burnout - mental and physical exhaustion, decrease in mental health

Injury - physical damage to the body (abrasions, sprains, fractures etc.), can effect movement

Type definition of motivational environment.

Environmental factors that can effect motivation

What are the four influences on motivational environment

1. Family and peers

2. Coach, teacher or intructor

3. Personality

4. Physical environment

Influence of coach, teacher or instructor

Mastery climate:

Task-orientated climate

Positive reinforcement, teamwork, cooperation

This climate will enhance a positive motivational environment

Competitive climate:

Outcome-orientated climate

Focus on outcome, competition element

The risk of this climate leading to a negative motivational environment

What is the TARGET technique a coach can use to develop a motivational environment

Tasks - use a range of tasks to keep the athlete involved in learning and decision making

Authority - allow athletes to monitor and evaluate themselves as well as their progress and to make their own decisions

Reward - offer rewards that focus on an athlete’s improvements

Grouping - allow athletes to work in groups to develop skills

Evaluation - asks the question:has an individual improved?

Timing - ensure timing of activities is effective to allow all of the above conditions to interact effectively

Influence of family and peers

Parents (positive or negative):

Transport to games and practice

Pay for fees and kit

Support at games

Peers:

Collaborative - meeting up for extra practice

Competitively - healthy competition, get the best out of each other

Social relationships - support network of friends

Evaluative comments - give each other feedback

Influence of personality

Trait-centred view

Social learning

Type definition of a trait centred view of motivation

When someone is motivated because they have certain personality traits

(Highly motivated people have attributes making them more likely to be successful)

Type definition of social learning theory: Bandura

Suggests personality is not a stable characteristic modelling reinforcement

What are the stages of observational learning

Demonstrations - coach/teacher demonstrates the skill with the correct suitable form

Attention - athlete must give full attention to the details in the demonstration

Retention - how much information the athlete has remembered and stored

Motor reproduction - redoing/ copying the skill hey just were shown

Motivation - the athlete must have the motivation to practice and improve the skill to a satisfactory level

Matching performance - the athlete is now able to match the skill in the demonstration

Influences of physical environment

Some athletes can be motivated by the presence of state of the art equipment (e.g. tidy, accurate weights, well known brands)

What are the theories of motivation

1. Need achievement theory

2. Achievement goal theory

3. Self-determination theory

4. Weiner’s attribution theory

Why are the principles of the need achievement theory and the two types of athletes

Motivation comes from a person’s personality and their motivation to succeed

NACH - need to achieve success (enjoy a challenge and competition, enjoy being assessed)

NAF - need to avoid failure (avoid challenges, cautions, do not like being assessed)

What are the principles of achievement goal theory

3 factors that interact to produce an athlete’s levels of motivation:

Task-orientated goals

1. Achievement goals ——→ Or

Outcome-orientated goals

2. Perceived ability

( how good you think you are)

3. Achievement behaviour

( the factors needed to achieve the goal )

What is the self-determination theory and it’s principles?

The three basic needs that need to be met to increase intrinsic motivation:

Autonomy (control, choice and whole-heartedly behind what you do)

Competence (the confidence you have that you will succeed)

Relatedness (feeling of togetherness and belonging)

What is wiener’s attribution theory (blame theory) and it’s principles?

The reasons given by coaches and players themselves to account for successes and failures in sport