cell biology

Protein structure بنية البروتين

The specific sequence of amino acids and resulting three-dimensional conformation.

Denaturation تمسّخ البروتين

A structural alteration that causes a macromolecule to lose its native three-dimensional conformation and biological function.

Nucleic acid حمض نووي

A class of macromolecules, such as DNA and RNA, that store and transmit genetic information.

Nucleotide نوكليوتيد

The monomer unit of nucleic acids, consisting of a five-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

DNA الحمض النووي الريبوزي منقوص الأكسجين

The double-stranded biomolecule that carries hereditary genetic instructions in cells.

RNA الحمض النووي الريبوزي

A single-stranded biomolecule essential for coding, decoding, regulation, and expression of genes during protein synthesis.

Nitrogenous base قاعدة نيتروجينية

A nitrogen-containing organic compound that serves as an essential coding component of a nucleotide.

Gene جين

A distinct segment of nucleotide sequences that contains the code for a functional biological product.

Phospholipid فوسفوليبيد

An amphipathic lipid with a hydrophilic phosphate group and two hydrophobic fatty acid tails, forming the cellular bilayer.

Cell membrane الغشاء الخلوي

A selectively permeable boundary that regulates the passage of materials into and out of the cytoplasm.

Enzyme إنزيم

A specialized biological macromolecule that increases the rate of chemical processes without being consumed.

Catalyst عامل حفاز

Any substance that accelerates the rate of a chemical transformation by reducing the activation energy required.

Substrate ركيزة

The specific reactant molecule that binds to an active site to undergo a catalyzed reaction.

Activation energy طاقة التنشيط

The minimum kinetic energy threshold necessary for reactants to undergo a chemical transformation.

Chemical reaction تفاعل كيميائي

A process wherein chemical bonds are broken and formed, converting starting materials into chemically distinct substances.

Reactant متفاعل

An initial substance that undergoes change and is consumed during a reaction.

Product ناتج

A substance that is generated at the completion of a chemical transformation.

Metabolism الأيض / الاستقلاب

The complete set of life-sustaining chemical processes and transformations occurring within an organism.