Appendicular Skeleton (Chapter 8)

What makes up the appendicular skeleton?

Limbs plus pectoral and pelvic girdles; 126 bones.

What is the main function of the appendicular skeleton?

Movement and manipulation.

What makes up each pectoral girdle?

1 clavicle + 1 scapula.

 What does the pectoral girdle do?

 Connects arm to body; positions shoulder joint and supports arm movement.

Which clavicle features are listed for identification?

Sternal end, acromial end, costal tuberosity, sternal facet.

Which scapula features are listed for identification?

Acromion, coracoid, spine,  glenoid cavity, supraglenoid tubercle, borders, inferior angle, neck.

Which proximal humerus features are listed?

Head, anatomical/surgical necks, greater/lesser tubercles, intertubercular sulcus.

Which humeral shaft/distal features are listed?

Deltoid tuberosity, radial groove, fossae, capitulum, trochlea, medial/lateral epicondyles.

Which ulna features are listed for identification?

Olecranon, coronoid process, radial notch, trochlear notch, ulnar tuberosity, head.

What are the 8 carpal bones?

Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate.

What bones make up the hand beyond the carpals?

Metacarpals and phalanges.

What makes up the pelvic girdle?

Two hip (coxal) bones attaching the lower limbs.

What three bones fuse to form each hip bone?

Ilium, ischium, and pubis.

Pectoral vs. pelvic girdle?

Pectoral emphasizes upper-limb mobility; pelvic emphasizes weight bearing +  lower-limb attachment.

Which ilium features are listed?

Iliac crest, iliac fossa, iliac spines, greater/lesser sciatic notches.

Which ischium/pubis features are listed?

Ischial spine/tuberosity; pubic rami/tubercle/symphysis.

Which major hip features are listed?

Acetabulum and obturator foramen.

Which proximal femur features are listed? 

Head, neck, fovea capitis, greater/lesser trochanters, intertrochanteric line/crest.

Which distal/shaft femur features are listed?

Linea aspera, condyles, epicondyles, patellar surface, intercondylar fossa.

Which patella features are listed? 

Base, apex, medial facet, lateral facet.

Which tibia features are listed?

Medial/lateral condyles, intercondylar eminence, tibial tuberosity, anterior margin, medial malleolus.

Which fibula features are listed?

Head and lateral malleolus.

What are the 7 tarsal bones? 

Talus, calcaneus, navicular, cuboid, medial/intermediate/lateral cuneiforms.

What bones make up the foot beyond the tarsals?

Metatarsals and phalanges.

What is the longitudinal arch?

Foot arch tying to calcaneus to distal portions of the metatarsals.

What is a transverse arch?

Foot arch formed by side-to-side differences in curvature.

What general skeletal pattern is shown for males? 

Greater bone mass/density and more prominent bone markings.

What general skeletal pattern is shown for females?

Lesser bone mass/density and less prominent bone markings.

Male vs. female pelvis overall?

Male: narrower, rougher, deeper/robust. Female: broader, smoother, shallower/less robust.

Male vs. female ilium?

Male more vertical and extends farther above SI joint; female less vertical.

Male vs. female sacrum?

Male long/narrow/more curved; female broad/short/less curved.

Male vs. female pelvic inlet and outlet?

Male: heart-shaped narrow inlet + narrow outlet. Female: circular open inlet + wide outlet.

Male vs. female coccyx?

Male points anteriorly; female points inferiorly.

Male vs. female acetabulum?

Male directed laterally; female faces slightly anteriorly.

Male vs. female obturator foramen?

Male oval; female triangular.

Male vs. female pubic angle?

Male <90 degrees; female 100 degrees or more.

What appendicular structures does the guide say to identify? 

Pectoral girdle, upper limbs, hip bone/pelvis, lower limb, wrist/hand, and foot features.