ANSC 212 - lec 3

What are the 4 main structures of the urinary system

Kidney, ureters, bladder, urethra

What is the basic functional unit of the kidney

nephron

What are the 3 main parts of the nephron

glomerulus, bowman's capsule, loop of henle

How exactly does the kidney work

Blood enters from renal artery, move into the glomerulus under high pressure, ultra filtration takes place, most of the liquid force out of glomerulus into bowman's capsule, glucose reabsorbed (proximal), water reabsorbed (henle), salts reabsorbed (distal)

What happens to whatever isn't reabsorbed by the kidneys

Forms into urine containing urea, excess salts and water

What species doesn't possess a urinary bladder or urethra

Chicken (poultry)

What are some of the main functions of kidneys

Excrete waste products, regulate water balance, maintains pH, regulate osmotic pressure and electrolyte levels, recycle water & other nutrients

What is acidosis

Imbalance of pH in the rumen due to imbalanced diet leading to decrease of pH in the blood causing acidosis

What are the two hormones used to regulate kidney function

ADH (water) and aldosterone (Na/K balance)

What is the somatic nervous system responsible

Voluntary control, Muscle movement and relays signs info from eyes, ears, and skin

What is the autonomic nervous system responsible for

Involuntary control of bodily functions and glands

What are axons

Single long fibre, responsible for carrying impulses away

What are dendrites

Several branches threads that receive signals

What is the nerve pathways

Dendrite to impulse to axon

What is the synapse

Place where axons and dendrites communicate

What is the cerebrum responsible for

Decision making and sensory/motor processing

What is the cerebellum responsible for

Balance and coordination

What is the thalamus responsible for

Information relations

What is the one sense that the thalamus is NOT responsible for and why

Smell bc it travels faster that the other senses

What composed the brain stem

Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

What is the brain stem responsible for

Relaying info and maintaining homeostasis

What is the midbrain responsible for

Eye movement

What is the pons responsible for?

Facial movement,hearing, balance

What is the medulla oblongata responsible for

Breathing, swallowing, blood pressure, heart rhythms

What is the spinal cord responsible for

Connecting brain and peripheral nervous system

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there

31 pairs

What is the endocrine systems mode of transport

Through the blood

What are some key characteristics of the endocrine system

Secreted in small quantities, coordinate bodily functions, specific effects in specific organs, transmitted thru blood, continuously monitors amts of hormones

What are some functions of the endocrine system

Metabolism

Growth and development

Emotions and mood

Fertility and sexual function

Sleep

Blood pressure

What are the parts of the endocrine systems

Hypothalamus

Pituitary

Thyroid

Parathyroid

Adrenal

Pineal

Pancreas

Ovaries

Testes

What does the hypothalamus do

Command center

Homeostasis

Main link between endocrine and nervous system

What is the role of the pituitary gland

Release trophic hormones (ADH, oxytocin), stimulates other glands to release hormones

What is the role of the thyroid gland

Controls the metabolic rate of the body

What is the role of the parathyroid

controls calcium levels

What is the role of the adrenal glands?

Metabolism, bp, sexual development, stress responses

What is the role of the pineal gland

Release melatonin which affects the sleep cycle

What is the role of the pancreas

Produce insulin and glucagon

What is the role of ovaries and testes

Produce sex hormones (testosterone and oestrogen) that are important in reproduction and the development of sex organs and secondary sexual characteristics

what hormones are composed of proteins and polypeptides

Insulin and growth hormone

What hormones are composed of steroids

Estrogen and cortisol

What hormones are composed of modified amino acids (tyrosine and tryptophan)

Thyroid hormones (T4)

Triiodothyronine (T3)

Catecholamines (epi & norepi)

What is the importance of cascading hormone control and feedback control

The hypothalamus stimulates the anterior pituitary which stimulates the thyroid which stimulates metabolism. When the thyroid is stimulated it releases T4 and T3 which INHIBIT the anterior pituitary gland to maintain homeostasis

What are the two types of immunity of the immune system

Innate immunity and adaptive immunity.

What characterizes innate immunity

Physical barriers, inflammatory responses, hard wired system for rapid responses

What is an example of a physical barrier of innate immunity in cattle

Mucous in the vaginal tract of cow

What characterizes adaptive immunity

Long lasting, memory after exposure to pathogens

What is an example of adaptive immunity

vaccinations

What comprises the immune system

Lymph nodes

Spleen

Tonsils and adenoids

Thymus

Bone marrow

Skin, mm

Stomach and bowel

What is it important for the immune system to be present in the stomach

Stomach constantly releasing HCl bc of this immune system recognizes need to increase pH in order to slow down the release of HCl

What is it important that the immune system is present in the bowel

Bowel is full of bacteria, immune system needs to be present or else bacterial overgrowth will occur

What is the overall goal of nutrition

Deliver a diet that meets nutrient requirements for a specific stage of production

What is the digestion

The process where large complex molecules are broken down into simpler molecules that can be used for metabolism

What is feed

A material that after ingestion is capable of being digested, absorbed, and utilized to meet nutrition requirements

What are the major complex molecules

Carbs

Proteins

Fats

What are the two subcategories of carbs

Fiber (have structure) and starch (structureless)

What are some sources of protein for livestock

Alfalfa, soybean, canola

What are some functions of the digestive system

Ingestion, breakdown, absorption, elimination

What are the complex structures broken down into

Carbs - simple sugars

Protein - amino acids

Fats - fatty acids

What animals are considered herbivores

Sheep, cattle, horses, deer

What animals are considered carnivores

Cats, wolves

What animals are considered omnivores

Swine, chicken, humans, dogs

What are the three processes that digestion can be grouped into

Mechanical

Chemical

Microbial

What is mechanical digestion

Mastication and muscle contractions of alimentary canal

What is chemical digestion

Enzymes secretes by animal in various digestive juices

What is microbial digestion

Activities of bacteria, protozoan, fungi, and archaea

What animals usually utilize microbial digestion

Cattle in the rumen

What animals are monogastric

Chicken, human, pig, dog, cat, horse

What animals are ruminants

cattle, sheep, goats, deer, elk, moose

What are the four chambers of a ruminant stomach

rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum

What animal are pseudo-ruminants

Camels, llamas, alpacas

What are the three chambers that pseudo-ruminants have

Rumen, reticulum, omasum + abomasum fused together

What are the four functions of the digestive tract

Prehension

Mastication

Digestion/fermentation

Elimination

What comprises the digestive tract

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, accessory glands

What animal doesn't have a gallbladder

Horses

What animal has a low amount of salivary enzymes (amylase) and why

Cattle, bc digestion starts in a different part of the body and the mouth only used for mastication

What is prehension

Manner which animals harvest and convey food to mouth

Which animals use salivary amylase to digest carbs

Pigs and dogs

What is the point of mastication

Mechanical reduce size of food particles

Increase surface area for digestion

Mixes feed and saliva

How do ruminants masticate

Eat feed quickly, re-masticate at later time (rumination)

How do chickens masticate

Rely on gizzard to mechanically grind their feed

What are the parts of the monogastric digestive system (poultry)

Mouth, stomach, small and large intestine (ceca/colon/rectum), cloaca, vent

What happens in large intestine

Site of microbial fermentation

Bacterial activity

Water absorption

Waste storage

What do cattle excrete

Urea in urine which is more toxic that uric acid

What do chickens excrete

Uric acid via cloaca/vent

What are some general traits of monogastric digestion

Limited gut capacity

Digestion via enzymes

Limited microbial activity (present in large intestine)

Limited ability to digest fibre

Why do monogastric animals have limited ability to digest fibre

They lack fibre breaking enzymes and they process fermentation AFTER primary nutrient absorption occurs

What increases the efficacy of absorption via increase surface area in the digestive tract

Villi

What is the main stomach enzyme for food breakdown

Pepsin

What is the hunger hormone called

Gherlin

What happens in the stomach

Low pH breaks down feed particles and activation of proteolytic enzymes (pepsinogen to pepsin), proteins denatured

Why is the small intestine so vital in monogastrics

It's the main site of digestion & absorption

Presence of bile

Digestive enzymes secreted largely from pancreas