a&p lab exam unit 2

head of bone

prominent, expanded, rounded end of a bone

closed (simple) fracture

bone break beneath the skin

open (compound) fracture

broken bone pierces the skin

greenstick fracture

partial breaks in a bone that occur as a result of bending

comminuted fracture

bone crushed into 3 or more pieces

impacted fracture

one end of a broken bone is driven into the other end

condyle

rounded end of a bone

pivot point

often comes in pairs

canal

tubular passage through bone

crest

raised edge of bone that forms a narrow ridge

epicondyle

rounded prominence above condyle of bone

facet

flat articular surface of bone that allows for flexion, extension, and rotation

foramen

passageway/hole that allows for the passage of blood vessels

fossa

shallow, broad depression within bone

supporter for joint

sulcus

narrow channel within bone that allows a vessel or nerve to pass while being protected from compression

process

outward growth from a larger portion of the bone

meatus

funnel shape thats an opening to a canal

ramus

curved edge to bone that gives it structure

sinus

air filled cavity in bone

spine

small outward growth from bone

tubercle

small rounded and raised area where connective tissues attach

tuberosity

raised rough area that serves as an attachment site for muscles and ligaments

foramen magnum

large opening at bottom of occipital bone

passage for spinal cord and vertebral arteries

occipital condules

two bumps at the bottom of the occipital bone next to the foramen magnum

external occipital protubrence

small piece of bone that pokes out of the middle of the occipital bone

zygomatic process

long bone pointing towards the front of the face

styloid process

sharp/pointy bone coming out of the bottom of the temporal bone, pointing downwards

mastoid process

Big bump towards the bottom side of the temporal bone, behind the ear

external acoustic meatus

small cave/indentation in middle bottom of temporal bone, behind zygomatic process

mandibular fossa

wider cave next to acoustic meatus, under the zygomatic process

on bottom side of the bone

frontal bone

forehead

mandible

jaw bone

coronoid process

anterior points a the top of the mandible

mandibular condyle

posterior points at the top of the mandible, bigger than coronoid process

mental foramen

two lateral divots in lower part of mandible ( snake bites)

mandibular foramen

two divots on the inside of the “arms“ of the mandible

squamous suture

parietal and temporal bones connect, on the side of the skull

lamboid suture

parietal and occipital bones connect, back of the skull

saggital suture

parietal and parietal bones connect, on the top middle of skull

coronal suture

frontal and parietal bones connect, on the top of skull going side to side

sphenoid

mastoid process

styloid process

zygomatic process

gliding joint

allows gliding movement between 2 articular surfaces, moves along the same plane

Gliding joint example

carpal and tarsal joints, intervertebral joints

Hinge joints

flexion and extension, moves along one axis hinge

hinge joint example

elbow and femur joints, finger joints

Pivot joint

rotational movement around an axis

Pivot joint example

atlas and axis

condyliod joint

allows flexion, extension and circumduction

can rotate within the joint

condyloid joint example

carpals on the radius

saddle joint

bones wrapped inside each other

high degree of movement with stability

saddle joint example

first metacarpal and trapezium

ball and socket joint

ball in concave structure

highest degree of motion

ball and socket joint example

shoulder and hip

the most mobile a joint is ______________

the less stable it is

Ligaments

Dense connective tissue that helps hold bone to bone

Joints of the shoulder

Sternoclavicular, Acromioclavicular, Glenohumeral

Sternoclavicular joint

Fibrous tissue attaches clavicle to manubrium/sternum

Sternoclavicular movement

elevation, depression, rotation, some protraction and retraction

Acromioclavicular (AC)

attaches clavicle and acromion/scapula

Acromioclavicular movement

not much movement, but allows very little gliding movement

Glenohumeral joint

ball and socket joint of shoulder

Glenohumeral joint movement

a lot of movement

rotation, flex, extend, abduction, adduction, circumduction

ligaments of hips

Iliofemoral, pubofemoral, ischiofemoral

Purpose of meniscus

cushion of knee for stress, shock absorber

increases surface are of condyle on tibia

What is the role of cartilage in the joint

protects bone from breaking down, protective membrane

Compact bone

Dense bone tissue on exterior of bone

Spongy bone

Interior of bone, looks like sponge

Medullary cavity

Cylindrical cavity in the center of long bones

Bone marrow stored here

Yellow bone marrow

Mostly fat

Red bone marrow

Makes red blood cells

Endosteum

Inner membrane

Separates compact and spongy bone

Periosteum

Fibrous outer layer

On the outside of the bone

Epiphyseal line

Growth plate

Long bone grows here

Turns into a scar when you’re done growing

Osteoporosis

Bone tissue loss is greater than bone tissue generated

Results in bone pain, tenderness and brittle bones

Parts of the sternum

Manubruim, body, xiphoid process

How are the atlas and axis different to other vertebrae

Axis has a notch to connect to atlas, used to pivot moving head

What is the role of synovial fluid in a joint

Lubrication

Role of cartilage in a joint

Protects bone from breaking down

Protective membrane that stops synovial fluid from entering the bone

Fibrous joints/Syntharoses

Joints with no movement

Gomphosis

Articulation between the teeth and the mandible or maxilla

Where the teeth go into the skull

Synchodrosis

Immobile cartilaginous joint between the first pair of ribs and the sternum

Syndesmosis

Ligament connects two bones, allows a little bit of movement

Symphyses

Fibrocartilatinous pad that connects two bones allowing for some movement

Syndesmosis example

Tibiofibular ligament

Symphyses

Pubic symphysis- between pubic bones

Intervertebral disks

Synovial joints

6 types that allow for different ranges of motion

Basic structure of a synovial joint

Membrane around joints that create synovial fluid